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BIOARCHAEOLOGY > Dental anthropology > Flashcards

Dental anthropology Flashcards

1
Q

Sir Richard Owen

A
  • In charge of the Natural History Musem
  • Did lots of work in Palaeontology
  • Helped lay down the foundations in comparative odotology
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2
Q

What was the original function of teeth?

A

To trap food. Chewing came about later in the Jurassic

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3
Q

Secondary functions of teeth.

A
  • Weapon
  • Tool
  • Appearance
  • Articulation
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4
Q

What are the 6 useful attributes o teeth?

A
  • They are hard
  • They are associated with behaviour
  • High genetic component in expression
  • Minimally affected by environment
  • Evolve slowly
  • Living and dead can be studied
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5
Q

What percentage of enamel is inorganic?

A

94%

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6
Q

What is the percentage of genetic heredity of teeth?

A

60-90%

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7
Q

Why are teeth useful for ageing?

A
  • In children - very strict schedule of eruption. Bones can vary.
  • Wear indicates older individual
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8
Q

What are primary morphological traits of teeth?

A
  • Which teeth are present

- Normally used when comparing species rather than individuals

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9
Q

What are secondary morphological traits of teeth?

A
  • Type of groove
  • Number of cusps
  • Used when studying individuals
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10
Q

How is heritability of teeth studied?

A

Twin studies. Minnesota twin study ongoing. 10-40% variability when raised apart, almost identical when together.

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11
Q

What is attrition?

A

Natural wear from mastication

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12
Q

What causes alveolar resorption?

A

Bacteria - periodontal disease.

Wear can become very advanced and cause infection.

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13
Q

What factors are involved in microevolution?

A

Genetic drift, mutation, migration

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14
Q

What is microevolution?

A

Short term evolution

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15
Q

What is macro evolution?

A

Long term evolution

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16
Q

What factor is involved in macroevolution?

A

Natural selection

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17
Q

What are the disadvanages of dental study?

A
  • Info can be lost (cavities/wear)
  • Modes of inheritance mostly unknown
  • Worldwide variation not completely documented.
  • Standardisation in scoring lacking
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18
Q

When did dental anthropology start to gain interest?

A

19th Century

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19
Q

When did Hrdlicka write his paper on shovel shaped incisors?

A

1920

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20
Q

What did T.D Campbell study in 1925?

A

Aboriginal dentition

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21
Q

Who came up with the idea of tooth fields?

A 
PM Butler (1937) and AA Dahlberg (1945).
Different genetic fields in a tooth determines what tooth it becomes
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22
Q

During which period was there significant growth in the field of dental anthropology?

A

1963-1991

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23
Q

What was Ronald Fisher famous for?

A
  • Fishers exact test

- First to write a book on dental anthropology in 1953

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24
Q

What did Henry Osborn do?

A

-studied the evolution of the mammalian molar teeth to and from the triangular type.

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25
Q

What are codont teeth?

A

Used for grasping

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26
Q

What are tricodont teeth?

A

3 cusps

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27
Q

What did AH Thompson do?

A

He was the first real dental anthropologist and was first to write about shovelling. He studied the Inca

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28
Q

Who wrote “Dental anthropology” in 1963?

A

DR Brothwell

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29
Q

What are the 3 main parts of a tooth?

A

Root, neck, crown

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30
Q

What is the second hardest tissue in the body?

A

Dentine

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31
Q

What is cementum?

A

The outer part of the root. It has a rough surface for the periodontal membrane to attach like velcro.

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32
Q

What direction is Mesial?

A

Toward the midline

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33
Q

What direction is distal?

A

Away from the midline

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34
Q

What direction is labial?

A

Towards the lips (anterior teeth)

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35
Q

What direction is Buccal?

A

Towards the cheeks (posterior teeth)

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36
Q

What direction is lingual?

A

Towards the tongue

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37
Q

What direction is occlusal?

A

The chewing surface

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38
Q

What direction is apical?

A

The bottom of the root

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39
Q

What is the dental formula for deciduous dentition?

A

212

212

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40
Q

What is the dental formula for permanent dentition?

A

2123

2123

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41
Q

What are the steps of identifying human teeth?

A
  • Deciduous or permanent?
  • Class
  • Upper or lower
  • Right or left
  • Position of tooth
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42
Q

What distinguishes upper and lower incisors?

A

Upper incisors are much larger and roots are round in cross section.

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43
Q

What distinguishes upper and lower canines?

A

Lower canine root is more flat and upper ones have more morphology.

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44
Q

What distinguishes upper and lower premolars?

A

Upper premolars have larger roots and more likely to have 2 roots. Upper cusps are almost equal in size but lowers may be quite different.

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45
Q

What distinguishes upper and lower molars?

A

Upper molars more likely to have 3 roots and 4 cuss, lowers have 5 cusps.

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46
Q

What distinguishes right and left upper incisors?

A
  • More shovelling on mesial side

- Interruption groove more likely on mesial side.

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47
Q

What distinguishes right and left upper canines?

A
  • Root deflects distally

- Bulges mesially

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48
Q

What distinguishes right and left upper premolars?

A
  • Lingual cusps tilt mesially
  • Buccal cusp slightly larger
  • Root deflects distally
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49
Q

What distinguishes right and left upper molars?

A
  • Disto-lingual cusp is smallest
  • Carabelli’s cusp is mesio-lingual
  • Enamel extension will be buccal
  • 2 Buccal roots, 1 lingual
  • Roots oriented distally
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50
Q

What distinguishes right and left lower incisors?

A
  • Mesial crown edge almost 90 degrees
  • Mesial crown thicker labio-lingually than distal
  • Root may have groove on distal side
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51
Q

What distinguishes right and left lower canines?

A
  • Mesial occlusal edge shorter than distal

- Root deflects distally

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52
Q

What distinguishes right and left lower premolars?

A
  • Lingual cusps mesial
  • Buccal cusp larger
  • Root deflects distally
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53
Q

What distinguishes right and left lower molars?

A
  • If thre are 5 cusps, 3 are buccal
  • Buccal side more convex than lingual
  • Buccal cusps sit lower than lingual
  • Enamel extension buccal
  • Buccal side may have pit or groove
  • Roots oriented distally
54
Q

What distinguishes upper central incisors from lateral?

A
  • Central much larger
  • Central distal edge less rounded
  • Central root does not deflect as much
55
Q

What distinguishes lower central incisors from lateral?

A
  • Central crown much narrower and thinner

- Central root deflects mesially

56
Q

What distinguishes Upper P1 from P2?

A
  • P1 has larger crown

- P1 has more morphology and more likely to have 2 roots

57
Q

What distinguishes Lower P1 from P2?

A
  • P1 crown more rounded and less molar shaped
  • P1 may not have lingual cusp
  • P1 more likely to have groove on mesial root
58
Q

What distinguishes the upper molars?

A
  • M1 has larger cusps
  • M1 has 3 roots
  • M1 often has 5th cusp
  • M2 and M3 may only have 3 cusps
59
Q

What distinguishes the lower molars?

A
  • M1 almost always has 5 cusps
  • M2 often only has 2 cusps
  • M1 most commonly has Y pattern
  • M2 often has X pattern
  • M1 and M2 often has anterior fovea
  • M2 and M3 often have fused roots
60
Q

Cusps ending in “-cone” are from the…?

A

Maxilla

61
Q

Cusps ending in “-conid” are from the…?

A

Mandible

62
Q

What is malocclusion?

A

Maxillary and mandibular parabolic arches may not align with each other

63
Q

What are set traits?

A

Deciduous, permanent

64
Q

What are class traits?

A

Incisor, canine, premolar, molar

65
Q

What are arch traits?

A

Maxillary, mandibular

66
Q

What is the cingulum?

A

A shelf found about halfway up the lingual surface of maxillary teeth and buccal surface of mandibular teeth.

67
Q

What is a lingual fossa?

A

A small cavity in the center of the lingual surface of anterior teeth.

68
Q

Where is the paracone?

A

mesiobuccal

69
Q

Where is the metacone?

A

distobuccal

70
Q

Where is the protocone?

A

mesiolingual

71
Q

Where is the protoconid?

A

mesiobuccal

72
Q

Where is the hypoconid?

A

distobuccal

73
Q

Where is the metaconid?

A

mesiolingual

74
Q

Where is the Entoconid?

A

distolingual

75
Q

Where is the hypoconulid?

A

Distal

76
Q

What is biological age?

A

How far development has progressed.

77
Q

What is chronological age?

A

Age from birth.

78
Q

Why do younger individuals have narrower age ranges?

A
  • Lots of biological changes

- Regular times and rates.

79
Q

What dental techniques are used for aging?

A
  • Degree of mineralisation
  • Eruption
  • Microstructure
  • Wear
80
Q

When does mineralisation occur?

A

Before tooth emergence

81
Q

How does mineralisation occur?

A

It begins at the cusp and ends at the root.

82
Q

How many stages of mineralisation are there?

A

8, each stage is given a score

83
Q

When does a tooth erupt?

A

When the tooth is 1/2-3/4 of its maximum length.

84
Q

What are the advantages of using eruption as an aging method?

A

-It is easy and fast and can be studied without expert equipment.

85
Q

What are the disadvantages of using eruption as an aging method?

A
  • Sequences may vary
  • Short phase duration
  • Populations vary
86
Q

What is the most accurate method of age estimation?

A

Microstructure.

-Counting perikymata

87
Q

What are the disadvantages of using microstructure for aging?

A
  • Time consuming
  • Expensinv
  • Specialist expertise
88
Q

Why are teeth useful as forensic aids?

A
  • Least destructable part of body
  • Useful for aging
  • Pathological info
  • Racial triats
89
Q

When was bitemark evidence first deemed admissible in court?

A

1967

90
Q

What is the appearance of a classic human bitemark?

A

Often central bruise from tongue pressure and suction.

91
Q

What is the definition of a positive identification?

A

The ante-mortem and post-mortem data match in sufficient detail, with no unexplainable discrepancies, to establish that they are from the same individual.

92
Q

What is the definition of a possible identification?

A

The ante-mortem and post-mortem data have consistent features but, because of the quality of either the post mortem remains or ante-mortem evidence, it is not possible to establish identity positively.

93
Q

What problems can lack of tooth wear cause?

A
  • Impacted wisdom teeth

- Grooves not worn away so caries can develop

94
Q

How did Broca classify tooth wear in 1879?

A

0-4

95
Q

What is abrasion?

A

Wear from a foreign object such as toothbrush, tongue piercings.

96
Q

What causes caries?

A
  • fermentation of food sugars by bacteria

- Production of acid that demineralises teeth

97
Q

What is an abcess?

A
  • Exposure of pulp cavity allows bacteria to enter and pus is produced.
  • Periapical cavity
98
Q

What is calculus?

A

Mineralised plaque caused by deposition of calcium phosphate crystals

99
Q

What is the field concept?

A

During prenatal development, the position of the tooth germ in the arch determines what tooth it will be.

100
Q

What are polar teeth?

A
  • 1st molar, 1st premolar, canine, upper central incisor, lower lateral incisor.
  • Polar teeth are larger and have more morphology
  • Polar teeth are always fored
101
Q

What did Osborn come up with in 1978?

A
  • 3 primordia (incisor, canine, posterior)

- Progenitor primodium gives instructions to polar tooth (like chinese whispers)

102
Q

For how long do we have mixed dentition?

A

Around 6 years

103
Q

What are the stages of tooth development?

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Bud stage
  3. Cap stage
  4. Early bell stage
  5. Late bell stage
104
Q

What happens during the bud stage?

A
  • Depression formed in developing face in week 4.

- Presumtive enamel organs penetrate into underlying ectomesenchyme.

105
Q

What happens during the cap stage?

A

-This stage is dominated by cell proliferation.

106
Q

What happens during the bell stage?

A
  • Cells either side of the basement membrane initiate production of tooth structure.
  • Ameloblasts pepare to deposit enamel.
107
Q

What do incrememntal lines represent?

A

24 hour period

108
Q

What is secondary dentine?

A

Dentine that gets laid down when the pulp becomes exposed.

109
Q

What is acellular cementum?

A
  • Transparent

- Formed from cementoblasts which turn into cementocytes.

110
Q

What does the pulp cavity contain?

A

Blood supply and nerves

111
Q

What is the primary pathological condition associated with the pulp cavity?

A

Pulpitis

112
Q

What is the crown index?

A

BLx100/MD

It measures crown shape

113
Q

When measuring teeth, which side is the standard?

A

Left

114
Q

How much larger, on average, are male dentition?

A

7%

115
Q

What characterises the middle or comparative stage?

A

More concerned with classifying races

116
Q

What is the probable mutation effect?

A

Teeth and skull get smaller as no longer need to be big

117
Q

What is the caries reduction hypothesis?

A

Better chance of survival and reproduction

118
Q

What is winging?

A

Central incisors angled

119
Q

What is an interruption groove?

A

Groove on mesial or distal edge of tooth. Looks a bit like a cut mark

120
Q

What is Tuberculum dentale (TD?)

A

Finger-like projections from bottom edge of lingual side of tooth.

121
Q

What does UM cusp 5 look like?

A

Cheese wedge

122
Q

What is an anterior fovea?

A

Basin-shaped dip on lower M1

123
Q

What characterises a Y pattern?

A

Cusps 2 & 3 touch

124
Q

What characterises an X pattern?

A

Cusps 1 & 4 touch

125
Q

What characterises a + pattern?

A

All cusps touch

126
Q

What is the hypocone?

A

The 4th cusp on a molar

127
Q

What are the advantages of ASUDAS traits?

A
  • Easily identified
  • Less susceptible to crown wear than others
  • Low sexual dimorphism
  • Low inter observer error
  • Highly heritable
128
Q

Who developed the first standards for dental traits?

A

AA Dahlberg

129
Q

What population has the highest frequency of UI-1 curvature?

A

Africans

130
Q

Who came up with the modified field concept?

A

AH Dahlberg

131
Q

Who came up with the modified field concept?

A

AH Dahlberg

BIOARCHAEOLOGY (4 decks)

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