Dental anthropology Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
Sir Richard Owen
A
- In charge of the Natural History Musem
- Did lots of work in Palaeontology
- Helped lay down the foundations in comparative odotology
2
Q
What was the original function of teeth?
A
To trap food. Chewing came about later in the Jurassic
3
Q
Secondary functions of teeth.
A
- Weapon
- Tool
- Appearance
- Articulation
4
Q
What are the 6 useful attributes o teeth?
A
- They are hard
- They are associated with behaviour
- High genetic component in expression
- Minimally affected by environment
- Evolve slowly
- Living and dead can be studied
5
Q
What percentage of enamel is inorganic?
A
94%
6
Q
What is the percentage of genetic heredity of teeth?
A
60-90%
7
Q
Why are teeth useful for ageing?
A
- In children - very strict schedule of eruption. Bones can vary.
- Wear indicates older individual
8
Q
What are primary morphological traits of teeth?
A
- Which teeth are present
- Normally used when comparing species rather than individuals
9
Q
What are secondary morphological traits of teeth?
A
- Type of groove
- Number of cusps
- Used when studying individuals
10
Q
How is heritability of teeth studied?
A
Twin studies. Minnesota twin study ongoing. 10-40% variability when raised apart, almost identical when together.
11
Q
What is attrition?
A
Natural wear from mastication
12
Q
What causes alveolar resorption?
A
Bacteria - periodontal disease.
Wear can become very advanced and cause infection.
13
Q
What factors are involved in microevolution?
A
Genetic drift, mutation, migration
14
Q
What is microevolution?
A
Short term evolution
15
Q
What is macro evolution?
A
Long term evolution
16
Q
What factor is involved in macroevolution?
A
Natural selection
17
Q
What are the disadvanages of dental study?
A
- Info can be lost (cavities/wear)
- Modes of inheritance mostly unknown
- Worldwide variation not completely documented.
- Standardisation in scoring lacking
18
Q
When did dental anthropology start to gain interest?
A
19th Century
19
Q
When did Hrdlicka write his paper on shovel shaped incisors?
A
1920
20
Q
What did T.D Campbell study in 1925?
A
Aboriginal dentition
21
Q
Who came up with the idea of tooth fields?
A
PM Butler (1937) and AA Dahlberg (1945). Different genetic fields in a tooth determines what tooth it becomes
22
Q
During which period was there significant growth in the field of dental anthropology?
A
1963-1991
23
Q
What was Ronald Fisher famous for?
A
- Fishers exact test
- First to write a book on dental anthropology in 1953
24
Q
What did Henry Osborn do?
A
-studied the evolution of the mammalian molar teeth to and from the triangular type.
25
What are codont teeth?
Used for grasping
26
What are tricodont teeth?
3 cusps
27
What did AH Thompson do?
He was the first real dental anthropologist and was first to write about shovelling. He studied the Inca
28
Who wrote "Dental anthropology" in 1963?
DR Brothwell
29
What are the 3 main parts of a tooth?
Root, neck, crown
30
What is the second hardest tissue in the body?
Dentine
31
What is cementum?
The outer part of the root. It has a rough surface for the periodontal membrane to attach like velcro.
32
What direction is Mesial?
Toward the midline
33
What direction is distal?
Away from the midline
34
What direction is labial?
Towards the lips (anterior teeth)
35
What direction is Buccal?
Towards the cheeks (posterior teeth)
36
What direction is lingual?
Towards the tongue
37
What direction is occlusal?
The chewing surface
38
What direction is apical?
The bottom of the root
39
What is the dental formula for deciduous dentition?
212
| 212
40
What is the dental formula for permanent dentition?
2123
| 2123
41
What are the steps of identifying human teeth?
- Deciduous or permanent?
- Class
- Upper or lower
- Right or left
- Position of tooth
42
What distinguishes upper and lower incisors?
Upper incisors are much larger and roots are round in cross section.
43
What distinguishes upper and lower canines?
Lower canine root is more flat and upper ones have more morphology.
44
What distinguishes upper and lower premolars?
Upper premolars have larger roots and more likely to have 2 roots. Upper cusps are almost equal in size but lowers may be quite different.
45
What distinguishes upper and lower molars?
Upper molars more likely to have 3 roots and 4 cuss, lowers have 5 cusps.
46
What distinguishes right and left upper incisors?
- More shovelling on mesial side
| - Interruption groove more likely on mesial side.
47
What distinguishes right and left upper canines?
- Root deflects distally
| - Bulges mesially
48
What distinguishes right and left upper premolars?
- Lingual cusps tilt mesially
- Buccal cusp slightly larger
- Root deflects distally
49
What distinguishes right and left upper molars?
- Disto-lingual cusp is smallest
- Carabelli's cusp is mesio-lingual
- Enamel extension will be buccal
- 2 Buccal roots, 1 lingual
- Roots oriented distally
50
What distinguishes right and left lower incisors?
- Mesial crown edge almost 90 degrees
- Mesial crown thicker labio-lingually than distal
- Root may have groove on distal side
51
What distinguishes right and left lower canines?
- Mesial occlusal edge shorter than distal
| - Root deflects distally
52
What distinguishes right and left lower premolars?
- Lingual cusps mesial
- Buccal cusp larger
- Root deflects distally
53
What distinguishes right and left lower molars?
- If thre are 5 cusps, 3 are buccal
- Buccal side more convex than lingual
- Buccal cusps sit lower than lingual
- Enamel extension buccal
- Buccal side may have pit or groove
- Roots oriented distally
54
What distinguishes upper central incisors from lateral?
- Central much larger
- Central distal edge less rounded
- Central root does not deflect as much
55
What distinguishes lower central incisors from lateral?
- Central crown much narrower and thinner
| - Central root deflects mesially
56
What distinguishes Upper P1 from P2?
- P1 has larger crown
| - P1 has more morphology and more likely to have 2 roots
57
What distinguishes Lower P1 from P2?
- P1 crown more rounded and less molar shaped
- P1 may not have lingual cusp
- P1 more likely to have groove on mesial root
58
What distinguishes the upper molars?
- M1 has larger cusps
- M1 has 3 roots
- M1 often has 5th cusp
- M2 and M3 may only have 3 cusps
59
What distinguishes the lower molars?
- M1 almost always has 5 cusps
- M2 often only has 2 cusps
- M1 most commonly has Y pattern
- M2 often has X pattern
- M1 and M2 often has anterior fovea
- M2 and M3 often have fused roots
60
Cusps ending in "-cone" are from the...?
Maxilla
61
Cusps ending in "-conid" are from the...?
Mandible
62
What is malocclusion?
Maxillary and mandibular parabolic arches may not align with each other
63
What are set traits?
Deciduous, permanent
64
What are class traits?
Incisor, canine, premolar, molar
65
What are arch traits?
Maxillary, mandibular
66
What is the cingulum?
A shelf found about halfway up the lingual surface of maxillary teeth and buccal surface of mandibular teeth.
67
What is a lingual fossa?
A small cavity in the center of the lingual surface of anterior teeth.
68
Where is the paracone?
mesiobuccal
69
Where is the metacone?
distobuccal
70
Where is the protocone?
mesiolingual
71
Where is the protoconid?
mesiobuccal
72
Where is the hypoconid?
distobuccal
73
Where is the metaconid?
mesiolingual
74
Where is the Entoconid?
distolingual
75
Where is the hypoconulid?
Distal
76
What is biological age?
How far development has progressed.
77
What is chronological age?
Age from birth.
78
Why do younger individuals have narrower age ranges?
- Lots of biological changes
| - Regular times and rates.
79
What dental techniques are used for aging?
- Degree of mineralisation
- Eruption
- Microstructure
- Wear
80
When does mineralisation occur?
Before tooth emergence
81
How does mineralisation occur?
It begins at the cusp and ends at the root.
82
How many stages of mineralisation are there?
8, each stage is given a score
83
When does a tooth erupt?
When the tooth is 1/2-3/4 of its maximum length.
84
What are the advantages of using eruption as an aging method?
-It is easy and fast and can be studied without expert equipment.
85
What are the disadvantages of using eruption as an aging method?
- Sequences may vary
- Short phase duration
- Populations vary
86
What is the most accurate method of age estimation?
Microstructure.
| -Counting perikymata
87
What are the disadvantages of using microstructure for aging?
- Time consuming
- Expensinv
- Specialist expertise
88
Why are teeth useful as forensic aids?
- Least destructable part of body
- Useful for aging
- Pathological info
- Racial triats
89
When was bitemark evidence first deemed admissible in court?
1967
90
What is the appearance of a classic human bitemark?
Often central bruise from tongue pressure and suction.
91
What is the definition of a positive identification?
The ante-mortem and post-mortem data match in sufficient detail, with no unexplainable discrepancies, to establish that they are from the same individual.
92
What is the definition of a possible identification?
The ante-mortem and post-mortem data have consistent features but, because of the quality of either the post mortem remains or ante-mortem evidence, it is not possible to establish identity positively.
93
What problems can lack of tooth wear cause?
- Impacted wisdom teeth
| - Grooves not worn away so caries can develop
94
How did Broca classify tooth wear in 1879?
0-4
95
What is abrasion?
Wear from a foreign object such as toothbrush, tongue piercings.
96
What causes caries?
- fermentation of food sugars by bacteria
| - Production of acid that demineralises teeth
97
What is an abcess?
- Exposure of pulp cavity allows bacteria to enter and pus is produced.
- Periapical cavity
98
What is calculus?
Mineralised plaque caused by deposition of calcium phosphate crystals
99
What is the field concept?
During prenatal development, the position of the tooth germ in the arch determines what tooth it will be.
100
What are polar teeth?
- 1st molar, 1st premolar, canine, upper central incisor, lower lateral incisor.
- Polar teeth are larger and have more morphology
- Polar teeth are always fored
101
What did Osborn come up with in 1978?
- 3 primordia (incisor, canine, posterior)
| - Progenitor primodium gives instructions to polar tooth (like chinese whispers)
102
For how long do we have mixed dentition?
Around 6 years
103
What are the stages of tooth development?
1. Initiation
2. Bud stage
3. Cap stage
4. Early bell stage
5. Late bell stage
104
What happens during the bud stage?
- Depression formed in developing face in week 4.
| - Presumtive enamel organs penetrate into underlying ectomesenchyme.
105
What happens during the cap stage?
-This stage is dominated by cell proliferation.
106
What happens during the bell stage?
- Cells either side of the basement membrane initiate production of tooth structure.
- Ameloblasts pepare to deposit enamel.
107
What do incrememntal lines represent?
24 hour period
108
What is secondary dentine?
Dentine that gets laid down when the pulp becomes exposed.
109
What is acellular cementum?
- Transparent
| - Formed from cementoblasts which turn into cementocytes.
110
What does the pulp cavity contain?
Blood supply and nerves
111
What is the primary pathological condition associated with the pulp cavity?
Pulpitis
112
What is the crown index?
BLx100/MD
| It measures crown shape
113
When measuring teeth, which side is the standard?
Left
114
How much larger, on average, are male dentition?
7%
115
What characterises the middle or comparative stage?
More concerned with classifying races
116
What is the probable mutation effect?
Teeth and skull get smaller as no longer need to be big
117
What is the caries reduction hypothesis?
Better chance of survival and reproduction
118
What is winging?
Central incisors angled
119
What is an interruption groove?
Groove on mesial or distal edge of tooth. Looks a bit like a cut mark
120
What is Tuberculum dentale (TD?)
Finger-like projections from bottom edge of lingual side of tooth.
121
What does UM cusp 5 look like?
Cheese wedge
122
What is an anterior fovea?
Basin-shaped dip on lower M1
123
What characterises a Y pattern?
Cusps 2 & 3 touch
124
What characterises an X pattern?
Cusps 1 & 4 touch
125
What characterises a + pattern?
All cusps touch
126
What is the hypocone?
The 4th cusp on a molar
127
What are the advantages of ASUDAS traits?
- Easily identified
- Less susceptible to crown wear than others
- Low sexual dimorphism
- Low inter observer error
- Highly heritable
128
Who developed the first standards for dental traits?
AA Dahlberg
129
What population has the highest frequency of UI-1 curvature?
Africans
130
Who came up with the modified field concept?
AH Dahlberg
131
Who came up with the modified field concept?
AH Dahlberg
