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Dental Conditions Flashcards

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1
Q

What are different dental conditions?

A 
Teething
Oral Pain
Oral Candidiasis
Cold Sores
Aphthous Ulcer
Dry Mouth
Periodontal Disease
Mouth Rinses
Halitosis
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2
Q

What are the symptoms of teething pain?

A

Gum redness, swelling or tenderness
Drooling, rubbing the gum, flushed cheeks because of mild increase in body temperature
Irritability restlessness, crying, insomnia, decreased appetite, increased thirst

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3
Q

What are NOT symptoms of teething pain?

A

Fever (although there may be slight elevation of temperature)
Diarrhea (although there may be loose stools)
Vomiting
Common cold symptoms

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4
Q

When do teething symptoms begin?

A

Symptoms can begin up to 4 days prior to the eruption of the tooth

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5
Q

What are some non pharmacological treatments for teething?

A

Rub the baby’s gums by using a clean finger or a damp washcloth to massage the gums
Cool the affected area by letting the chew on a frozen facecloth or a cold pacifier/teether (avoid contact with extreme cold; don’t freeze pacifiers)
Wipe the baby’s face often with a cloth to remove the drool and prevent rashes from developing

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6
Q

What are some pharmacological options for teething pain?

A

Acetaminophen 10-15 mg/kg/dose q4-6h prn (max 65 mg/kg/day)
Ibuprofen 5-10 mg/kg/dose q6-8h hours prn (max 40 mg/kg/day)
Refer if no relief with treatment after 3 to 5 days

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7
Q

What are some topical anesthetic products that can be used for teething pain?

A

Benzocaine gel (Baby Orajel 7.5%, Baby Orajel Night time 10%, Baby Anbesol 7.5%)

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8
Q

Should topical anesthetics be used for teething pain?

A

They only provide relief for a maximum of 45 minutes
They are controversial due to potential harm. They inactivate the gag reflex, which increases the risk of choking. They are a sensitizers. In some cases, they can cause Methemoglobineia; the benzocaine can prevent oxygen from binding to the blood cells (requires a genetic polymorphism). This can cause shortness of breath, blue lips and even death

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9
Q

What causes symptoms of a toothache?

A

Symptoms that may be due to a variety of causes.
Cracked tooth has abrupt pain with biting and resolves with removal of pressure (requires a referral to the dentist for assessment and treatment)
Post-dental procedure discomfort

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10
Q

What are pharmacological treatment options for a toothache?

A

NSAIDs
Acetaminophen
Benzocaine (OraJel regular (10%), Maximum strength (20%), PM (20%), Anebsol Liquid/gel (20%)

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11
Q

What is tooth hypersensitivity?

A

Short, quick sharp dental pain due to exposure to a stimulus (thermal, chemical, osmotic, physical) on exposed dentin
A dental referral is necessary to determine (and potentially treat) the underlying cause

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12
Q

What does tooth hypersensitivity result from?

A

May result from: “tooth decay, fractured teeth, worn fillings, gum disease, worn tooth enamel or an exposed tooth root due to gum recession”

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13
Q

What are some non-pharmacological suggestions for tooth hypersensitivity?

A

Soft-bristled toothbrush

Reduce acidic foods and drinks

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14
Q

What are pharmacological options for tooth hypersensitivity?

A

Desensitizing toothpaste work by blocking the repolarization of the nerve fibre membranes, thereby decreasing the pain
Key ingredient: potassium nitrate
Product examples: Sensodyne F, Crest-Pro Health, Colgate Sensitivity

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15
Q

What is oral candidiasis?

A

Also known as thrush

Most commonly caused by C. albicans

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16
Q

What are the two major forms of oropharyngeal candidiasis?

A

The pseudomonas form is the most common and appears as white plaques on oral mucosa
The atrophic form (denture stomatitis) appears as erythema without plaque. Common in elderly with dentures

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17
Q

What are risk factors for oral candidiasis?

A 
Diseases that affect the immune system (e.g., diabetes, HIV infection) and medications that suppress the immune system (e.g., chemotherapy)
Xerostomia (dry mouth)
Use of systemic corticosteroids or corticosteroid inhalers
Recent use of broad spectrum antibiotics
Infants and children
Local mucosal trauma
Poor dental or denture hygiene
Pregnant women
Smoking
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18
Q

What are signs and symptoms of oral candidiasis?

A

“Cottage cheese” soft plaques that are white or creamy-yellowish on the buccal mucosa, tongue, gums and throat
Plaques are easily removed by vigorous rubbing but can leave red (erythema) or bleeding sites when removed
Red, flat lesions on the mucosa under the denture
May cause cracked, red, moist areas on skin at the corners of the mouth
Symptoms are varied and may range from none to sore, painful mouth, burning tongue, metallic taste and dysphagia

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19
Q

What are red flags for oral candidiasis?

A

Patients with signs and symptoms not typical of mild oral thrush
Patient is on chemotherapy or is immunocompromised due to drug therapy
Patient has systemic symptoms such as unexplained weight loss or thirst which could indicate diabetes
Other organ involvement such as conjunctivitis, uveitis or accompanying genital ulcers
Any lesion present for 3 weeks or longer should be referred to physician as it may require biopsy and/or systemic antifungal treatment
Possible symptoms of an adverse drug reaction. If a prescription medication is suspected, refer to physician for evaluation and possible change in medication
Suspect another type of infection (e.g., viral herpes infection)
Unable to confirm diagnosis of oral thrush. Refer for further evaluation and/or physician-supervised therapy
Treatment unsuccessful after 14 days

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20
Q

Can oral candidiasis be treated by a pharmacist?

A

Only in Manitoba
Patients with mild signs and symptoms can be treated by a pharmacists (only when you feel very comfortable)
Patients with atypical symptoms should be referred

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21
Q

What are the goals of treatment of oral candidiasis?

A

Eradicate infection
Prevent complications
Prevent recurrence

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22
Q

What are non-pharmacological suggestions for oral candidiasis for infants?

A

Sterilize toys, soothers, and feeding bottles/nipples

If breastfed, the mother may have candidal infection on the nipples and require treatment

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23
Q

What are non-pharmacological suggestions for oral candidiasis for those with dentures?

A

Remove dentures overnight
Wear dentures only for 6 hours
Soak and clean dentures when not using
Clean oral cavity with soft toothbrush and investigate if dentures fit properly

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24
Q

What are prescription options for oral candidias?

A

Pharmacist options: Nystatin (for mild disease)
Physician/dentist options: Oral azole antifungals (fluconazole tablets or suspension, itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole)

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25
Why is gentian violet (OTC) not used anymore?
In the past, Gentian Violet (OTC) was applied to affected area. Difficult to determine therapeutic progress and decreased compliance as it can cause mucosal irritation, ulceration and staining. Safety is questionable (linked to carcinogenicity) Required longer treatment, stains skin and clothing, should not be swallowed, NAPRA schedule II (may have to dilute appropriate concentration)
26
What is nystatin oral suspension?
Fungi-static and cidal | Effective for candidal infections, considered first line for mild disease
27
How is the liquid nystatin used?
Shake well before using, need to swish and swallow. Recommend instilling half of the dose in each side of the mouth to ensure contact with lesions for as long as possible before swallowing Infants: do not feed for 5-10 minutes after dose is given
28
What are the side effects of nystatin?
Considered well tolerated. In high doses: nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Rarely: rash, irritation, urticaria and Stevens-Johnson syndrome
29
What is the dosing for nystatin oral suspension?
Adults and children: 4 to 6 ml of 100 000 unit/ml suspension QID 7 to 14 days Infants: 1 to 2 ml of 100 000 unit/ml suspension QID for 7 to 14 days Note: treatment should continue for at least 48 hours after symptoms have resolved
30
What are the monitoring parameters for oral candidias?
After prescribing nystatin, follow up with the patient should occur in 7 days If symptoms resolved for 48 hours, can discontinue medication If improvement but not resolution of symptoms ensure the patient continue nystatin for another 7 days If no improvement, refer to physician or dentist for assessment
31
What causes herpes labialis (cold sores aka fever blisters)? What are the symptoms?
Primarily caused by HSV-1 Primary infection is caused by direct contact May be asymptomatic or have fever, chills, sore throat, ulcerations on the lips and malaise
32
What are triggers for a flare of herpes labialis?
Stress, sun exposure, trauma, hormonal changes, fever, viral infection, fatigue, cold weather, windburn
33
What are the stages of cold sore development?
Stages last 7-14 days | Prodromal: pain, itching, tingling at site (
34
What are red flags for cold sores?
Lesion not healed within 14 days (with or without treatment) Systemic symptoms (fever, swollen glands) Lesion show signs of infection (excessive redness, swelling, pus) Over 6 outbreaks per year Under the age of 12 Pregnant Patient is immunocompromised
35
What are the goals of treatment?
Relieve the discomfort Reduce the duration and severity Prevent secondary infection (yellow pus) Prevent spread to others
36
How do we prevent recurrences of cold sores?
Decrease stress, avoid prolonged sun exposure, lip sunscreen, lots of rest
37
What are OTC options for cold sores?
Topical antiviral (Docosanol 10%) Heparin sodium and zinc sulfate (Lipactin) Hydrocolloid patch (Polysporin Cold Sore Healing Patch Local anesthetics (benzocaine, lidocaine) Protectants Topical analgesics (camphor, menthol, phenol) Oral analgesics (acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen)
38
How is docosanol 10% used?
Aka Abreva Prevents viral migration and replication Applied 5 times daily at first sign (max 10 days)
39
What are some protectants available?
``` Hydroxypropyl cellulose (Zilactin Core Sore Gel (benzyl alcohol 10%)) Petrolatum, cocoa butter, allantion ```
40
What are the prescription treatment options for cold sores?
Antivirals may be used for treatment or prophylaxis. Treatment options include oral (systemic) therapy or topical therapy.
41
What are some non-pharmacological therapies available for cold sores?
Lip conditioners/protectants (petrolatum, cocoa butter, allantoin, SPF 30 to prevent sun damage) Keep area clean (warm water and soap, prevents infection) Avoid direct contact with others Wash hands often; avoid touching lesion Avoid sharing objects (glasses, straws, cutlery, razors, towels) Stress reduction and rest
42
What are aphthous ulcers?
Aka canker sores They are painful, recurrent lesions of unknown cause (bacterial or immune) They are not contagious They are found on the inner lip, inner cheek, soft palate and undersurface They first appear in childhood
43
What are the symptoms of aphthous ulcers?
Symptoms last for 5-14 days There is a burning, tingling, intense persistent pain Four appearance-related factors: roundish, shallow-crater, red halo, white-yellow interior covering May feel some pain in area prior to outbreak Refer is lasts longer than 14 days
44
What are predisposing factors of aphthous ulcers?
``` Stress and anxiety Local trauma Genetic predisposition Allergies/food sensitives Nutritional deficiencies Systemic diseases Medications (NSAIDs, beta-blockers) ```
45
What are red flags for aphthous ulcers?
Severe pain Diameter of ulcer is over 1 cm Over 5 ulcers are present Duration of ulcer is over 14 days History of recurring aphthous ulcer (6-12 times a year) Systemic disease (HIV, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, TB, etc) Fever or other systemic symptoms present Ulcer first occuring later in life (over 30 years) Pregnant Nutritional deficiency suspected (vitamin or iron)
46
What are the goals of therapy of aphthous ulcers?
Relief from pain Decrease duration of ulcer Ensure normal oral function and adequate nutrition intake Decrease frequency and severity of recurrences
47
What are some non-pharmacological suggestions for aphthous ulcers?
Avoid foods that cause pain (e.g., hard, crusty, sharp, spicy, salty, acidic or difficult to chew) Avoid oral trauma (use a soft bristled toothbrush, oral wax on braces that may rub or irritate the cheek, have irregular dental surfaces repaired) Avoid oral products that contain sodium lauryl sulphate Avoid foods that may trigger a flare (e.g., nuts, acidic food or drinks, salty meals, spices, alcoholic and carbonated beverages) Treat any nutritional deficiencies
48
What are some OTC products for aphthous ulcers?
Oral analgesics (acetaminophen) Protectants (hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose (orabase)) Warm saline rinses Topical analgesics (camphor, menthol, phenol (Canker Cover)) Local anesthetics (benzocaine (10-20% strength))
49
What are some prescription products that pharmacists can prescribe for aphthous ulcers?
Triamcinolone in Orabase
50
What are some prescription products for aphthous ulcers (from physicians and dentists)?
``` Antibiotic therapy (e.g., tetracycline mouthrinse) Pain relief (e.g., benzydamine topical solution) Other agents: dapsone, colchicine, prednisolone, infliximab, thalidomide, etc.) ```
51
What is triamcinolone 0.1% in orabase do?
Product delivers a protective local coating and enables a local anti-inflammatory effect of the corticosteroid RCT demonstrated effective to decrease pain May be helpful to speed healing and relieve symptoms for recurrent minor aphthous ulcers Early initiation of this treatment may result in a more rapid response
52
What is the dosing for triamcinolone 0.1% in orabase?
Apply to aphthous ulcers 2 to 4 times a day until ulcer healed Press a small dab (about 1/4 inch) to the lesion until a thin film develops. For optimal results, use only enough to coat the lesion with a thin film, do not rub in. Apply at bedtime or after meals if applications are needed throughout the day. Do not eat or drink for 30 minutes after applying
53
What are side effects of triamcinolone 0.1% in orabase?
Potential development of oropharyngeal candidiasis, burning, irritation, etc.
54
What are the monitoring parameters aphthous ulcers?
If there is no significant healing in 7 days or if ulcer worsens, refer to physician or dentist for re-evalution Ulcer should heal within 14 days, if not then refer patient to physician or dentist Pharmacists should monitor pain every 3 days for first week, then again in 1 week
55
What is xerostomia?
Feeling of dry mouth - usually associated with hyposalivation
56
What are the causes of xerostomia?
Medical conditions (Sjogren's syndrome, Addison's disease, depression, cystic fibrosis, HIV) Medications (e.g., anticholinergics, antidepressants) Radiation therapy Trauma or tumors involving the salivary glands
57
What are complications due to xerostomia?
``` Increased risk of dental caries Tooth decay and loss Difficulty in speaking Decreased ability to chew and swallow Decreased taste sensation Decreased nutritional status Oral infections (candidiasis (chronic atrophic), gingivitis) ```
58
What are non-pharmacological treatment options for dry mouth?
Dental care Sucking on ice chips, frequent sips of water Hard sugarless candies or gum (containing alcohol sugars) Humidifier at night Avoid or reduce caffeine intake Avoid tobacco and alcohol
59
What are OTC options for dry mouth?
Salivary substitutes and lubricants (Biotin products, Moi-Stir, OraMoist)
60
What is gingivitis?
Inflammation of the gums Results of build-up of bacterial plaque Swelling and redness of gums, bleeding of gums when brushed
61
What are risk factors for gingivitis?
``` Medical conditions Medications Poor nutrition Infections Hormonal changes ```
62
What is periodontitis?
Plaque has spread to the roots Gums may pull away from teeth Pain, bleeding of gingival tissue, halitosis, foul taste, increased salivation May cause damage to the bone
63
What are screening questions for periodontal disease?
"BUG" questions (bleeding, unsteady teeth, gum recession; refer if yes) Other symptoms (signs of infection, bad breath, bad taste, ulcers, pain) Ask when was last dental visit
64
What is prescription treatment option for periodontal disease?
Chlorhexidine 0.12% (Peridex) | Prescription only
65
How is chlorhexidine 0.12% used?
Swish and spit 10-15 mL twice daily for 30 seconds (gargle as well) 5 to 7 days for mild gingivitis Up to 31 days for chronic periodontitis
66
What are side effects of chlorhexidine?
Tooth staining Taste disturbances Tongue discolouration
67
What is halitosis?
Bad breath May significantly impact at patients quality of life Can be due to ingestion of herbs, spices, garlic, onion, tobacco or alcohol 85% of cases result from poor oral health (example of potential cause is the breakdown of food by microorganism in the mouth release volatile sulphur compounds)
68
What are red flags for patients with halitosis?
Painful, red, swollen areas around the gums or tongue Signs of infection or gingivitis Recent dental surgery Symptoms of respiratory disease or other contributing medical condition Patient has concerns of bad breath but friends and family do not share this concern
69
What are non-pharmacological options for halitosis?
Practise good oral hygiene (flossing daily, brushing teeth with soft-bristled toothbrush twice daily) Regular dental appointments for assessment and teeth cleaning Tongue cleaning Increase saliva flow and tongue movement by munching on sugarless gum, raw carrots or celery New toothbrush every 3-4 months Adjust diet
70
What is the purpose of mouth rinses?
Freshen breath Cleaning the oral cavity Anticavity Antibacterial (may reduce bacteria activity in plaque up to 12 hours after brushing) Antiplaque/antigingivitis (dependent on correct use, in addition to brushing)
71
What do antiplaque products do?
Inhibit plaque formation Chlorhexidine is the gold standard Thymol, eucaplyptus, menthol, methyl salicylate
72
What do plaque inhibitory products do (antibacterial) do?
Used in combination with brushing for plaque control | Chlorhexidine (Peridex), cetyl pyridinium (Cepacol), essential oils, triclosan
73
What do breath fresheners do?
Cosmetic use only | Hexitidine, alcohol, flavours (mint or spicy)
74
How should oral mouth rinses be used?
With for 30 seconds Avoid eating or drinking after use for 30 minutes Best effect if used prior to bed
75
What are the monitoring parameters for halitosis?
Improvement after 1 week of good oral hygiene Remind patients that long therm use of alcohol containing mouthwashes may lead to dry mouth (which could worsen bad breath), therefore recommend use for short term only Persistent bad breath should be referred to a dental professional or physician
76
What is the role of a pharmacist in oral health?
Importance of adhering to daily oral hygiene practises Encourage healthy balanced diet Avoid sipping or frequent intake of acid food/drink Tobacco cessation and decreased alcohol consumption Importance of regular dental visits "BUG" questions

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