Dental + ENT

Question 1

What are the two different types of hearing impairment/loss?

Answer 1

Conductive

Sensorineural

Question 2

What is conductive hearing loss?

Answer 2

When there is a reduced transmission of soundwaves due to an abnormality of the outer or middle ear impairs conduction of soundwaves to oval window

example impacted earwax or FB

Question 3

What is sensorineural hearing loss?

Answer 3

Whether the disorder of nerves of inner ear or CNS

example - congenital or prolonged exposure to excessive noise

Question 4

How is conductive and sensorineural hearing loss investigated and what are the considerations you have to take in while taking images on patients?

Answer 4

 neither conductive or Sensorineural hearing loss is investigated routinely - as this is not visible on images

Must take into consideration is communication with patience when undertaking other scans

Question 5

What infection is found in the ear?

Answer 5

Acute otitis media

Question 6

What is acute otitis media?

Answer 6

This is an information of the middle ear due to upward spread of infection via auditory tube in patient with URTI

Question 7

What is a severe case of acute otitis media?

Answer 7

Infection may spread through temporal bone (as it is very thin) which can lead to a brain abscess and meningitis

Question 8

What is acoustic neuroma?

Answer 8

It is a benign tumour cited in space from inner ear to brain - in the space is the vestibular and cochlear nerves

Question 9

What is acoustic neuroma also known as?

Answer 9

Vestibular schwannoma

Question 10

What are the Common symptoms of acoustic neuroma?

Answer 10

Uni sided hearing loss

Tinnitus left (sounds coming from within the body right)

Vertigo (feeling of moving or spinning)

Question 11

What are the indications/symptoms of a larger neuroma?

Answer 11

Persistent headaches

Double vision (often temporary)

Uni sided numbness or ataxia (coordination)

Hoarse voice or swallowing difficulty

Question 12

What imaging modality is used to image and acoustic neuroma?

Answer 12

MRI

Question 13

Why is MRI used to image and acoustic neuroma?

Answer 13

Provides excellent contrast between all of the soft tissues present

Sensitivity and specificity are variable

Contrast is definite, if Selectively used

Question 14

What is the Sinusitis?

Answer 14

Swelling of sinuses
Congested mucosa may cause blockage of openings between nose and sinuses preventing drainage of discharge

Question 15

What are the symptoms of sinusitis?

Answer 15

Facial pain and headache

Question 16

What may be the result of having repeated attacks of sinusitis?

Answer 16

It may result in the condition becoming chronic

Question 17

What are nasal polyps?

Answer 17

Abnormal tissue growth in nasal passages and sinuses

Question 18

What is the cause of sinusitis?

Answer 18

Infection
 The spread of microbes through the nose and pharynx to mucous membrane lining of sinuses.
Nasal polyps

Question 19

What are the symptoms of nasal polyps?

Answer 19

Large diesel pops can block the nasal passage way and cause symptoms such as:
blocked nose

Runny nose

Snoring

Sinusitis

And the loss of smell and taste

Question 20

What is the cause of nasal polyps?

Answer 20

Caused by inflammation and thought to be associated with allergic rhinitis (hayfever) and asthma

Question 21

How are nasal polyps diagnosed?

Answer 21

Endoscopy or CT

Question 22

How are polyps treated?

Answer 22

Corticosteroids or surgical excision

However they regularly grow back over time

Question 23

What is nasal and paranasal carcinoma?

Answer 23

It is nasal cancer (the most common is squamous cell carcinoma)

Question 24

What is the prevalence of paranasal and nasal carcinoma?

Answer 24

Nasal carcinoma is very rare
affect more males than females

Question 25

What are the symptoms of nasal and Paranasal carcinoma?

Answer 25

The symptoms depend on the location for example it may affect eyesight or smell

Question 26

What is the survival rate for a nasal and paranasal carcinoma?

Answer 26

Good survival rate (65% stage one after five years)

Question 27

What is the prevalence of a nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

Answer 27

It’s very rare in the UK It’s more common in men than women

Question 28

What are the risk factors of nasalpharangeal carcinoma?

Answer 28

Infection (some viruses link to Hodgkin lymphoma) Smoking Diet – particular with high salt and nitrates and nitrites Genetics Occupational: exposure to chemicals Existing ENT conditions Alcohol

Question 29

What are the signs and symptoms of nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

Answer 29

Lump/growth and neck area that stays longer than three weeks Decreased hearing loss on one side Tinnitus Fluid in ear Blocked or stuffy nose – particularly if it’s only on one side Bloodstained discharge from your nose

Question 30

Laryngeals carcinoma what is the prevalence?

Answer 30

Uncommon in the UK

Question 31

What are the risk factors of laryngeal carcinoma?

Answer 31

Age – more common in older age Smoking Alcohol Diet HPV infection Genetics Low immunity example HIV or aids Occupational exposure to chemicals

Question 32

What are the signs and symptoms of Laryngeal carcinoma?

Answer 32

Hoarse voice for more than three weeks Dysphagia (Trouble swallowing) Unexpected or Unintended weight loss Long-term cough Shortness of breath

Question 33

How does a calculi form?

Answer 33

Calculi (stones) Form in salivary glands by crystallisation of mineral salts in saliva

Question 34

What are the risks of having a calculi?

Answer 34

Can partially or completely blocked ducts

Question 35

What is the result of a calculi blocking ducts?

Answer 35

Can lead to painful swelling of gland There is a predisposition to infection and in time atrophy (decrease in size of an organ or tissue; wasting)

Question 36

What is aetiology of a calculi?

Answer 36

Unknown ha ha ha ha I got you

Question 37

What is an Adenoma?

Answer 37

A benign tumour - Most commonly found in parotid glands Example pleomorphic slippery oedema

Question 38

What may happen years after the tumour is excised?

Answer 38

I second that each other may develop in the exact same gland years after

Question 39

 where is a malignant Carcinoma usually found? Result of infiltration?

Answer 39

The parotids that may also occur in any salivary gland or duct Infiltrate nerves and surrounding tissues which can cause severe pain Lymph spread to cervical nodes

Question 40

What are we looking for on OPG?

Answer 40

Supernumerary teeth – hyperdontia Overcrowding of teeth Uninterrupted teeth – still in gum Uninterrupted/impacted wisdom teeth Infection or abscess teeth/roots Subluxation of TMJs Fracture of mandible 

Question 41

What is a dental Caries Lesion?

Answer 41

It is the interaction of park with that hard Tissues - caries lesion

Question 42

What two factors determines the treatment of the dental caries?

Answer 42

The anatomical side of affected area what tooth and when it is on the tooth The activity of the caries process example rampant caries - multiple active lesions

Question 43

What is dental radiography Valuable for and also not so valuable far?

Answer 43

Valuable for the anatomical site Not so valuable for assessing activity

Question 44

Name different activities of caries:

Answer 44

 bitewing; multiple caries in crowns Intraoral; root caries, extending into nerve rampant caries - multiple active lesions

Question 45

What is a periapical abscess?

Answer 45

It is a result of a chronic localised infection located at the tip (apex) of the root of a tooth

Question 46

What is a malocclusion?

Answer 46

It’s the incorrect relationship between the maxilla and mandible or a general misalignment of the teeth; usually congenital Contact between the upper and lower teeth is a regular with Jaw is closed Bite of teeth not in contact

Question 47

Describe an overbite:

Answer 47

Top teeth protrude

Question 48

Describe an underbite:

Answer 48

Lower teeth protrude

Question 49

Describe a crossbite:

Answer 49

Teeth are malaligned in a criss-cross arrangement at the front one top/bottom tooth in malalignment Can be bilateral unilateral anterior or posterior

Question 50

What tooth are we referring to when we talk about the eights?

Answer 50

The wisdom teeth