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Dental management Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the systemic manifestations of adrenal insufficiency?

A

Fatigue, weight loss, hypotension, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and hyperpigmentation.

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2
Q

What are the oral manifestations of adrenal insufficiency?

A

Hyperpigmentation of oral mucosa, particularly the gums, tongue, and buccal mucosa.

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3
Q

How does adrenal insufficiency impact dental treatment?

A

Patients may have delayed healing and an increased risk of infection.

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4
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

A chronic condition where the adrenal glands produce insufficient amounts of cortisol and aldosterone.

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5
Q

What are the primary systemic diseases associated with adrenal insufficiency?

A

Addison’s disease, secondary adrenal insufficiency, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

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6
Q

How can adrenal insufficiency be diagnosed?

A

Blood tests showing low cortisol levels, high ACTH levels, and imaging studies of the adrenal glands.

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7
Q

What precautions should be taken for dental management of a patient with adrenal insufficiency?

A

Ensure stress reduction, maintain stable blood pressure, and avoid abrupt discontinuation of steroids.

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8
Q

How should steroid supplementation be managed in dental procedures for adrenal insufficiency patients?

A

Administer appropriate steroid doses preoperatively and monitor for signs of adrenal crisis.

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9
Q

What should be done if a patient with adrenal insufficiency has an adrenal crisis during a dental procedure?

A

Stop the procedure, lay the patient flat, provide intravenous fluids and steroids, and seek emergency help.

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10
Q

How can a dental professional recognize an impending adrenal crisis in a patient?

A

Symptoms include severe fatigue, dizziness, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and confusion.

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11
Q

What are the emergency management steps for adrenal insufficiency?

A

Immediate administration of intravenous hydrocortisone, saline, and dextrose.

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12
Q

Why is it important to recognize the dental implications of systemic diseases in adrenal insufficiency?

A

To prevent complications and provide appropriate dental care tailored to the patient’s condition.

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13
Q

What guidelines should be followed for antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with adrenal insufficiency?

A

Follow AHA guidelines, consider the need for prophylaxis based on individual risk factors.

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14
Q

What is the AHA guideline for prophylactic antibiotic use in adrenal insufficiency patients?

A

Prophylactic antibiotics are not generally required unless there are specific risk factors present.

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15
Q

Why might patients with adrenal insufficiency need special consideration during dental treatment?

A

They are at risk of adrenal crisis due to stress or inadequate steroid coverage.

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16
Q

What types of dental procedures might require steroid supplementation in adrenal insufficiency patients?

A

Major surgeries, extensive dental work, and procedures causing significant stress.

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17
Q

How should a dentist handle a minor dental procedure for a patient with adrenal insufficiency?

A

Generally, continue usual steroid regimen; additional steroids are usually not needed.

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18
Q

What are some signs of adrenal insufficiency that might be observed in a dental exam?

A

Oral pigmentation, hypotension, and poor healing of oral tissues.

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19
Q

What role do corticosteroids play in managing patients with adrenal insufficiency?

A

They replace deficient cortisol and help manage stress during medical and dental procedures.

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20
Q

How can a dentist minimize the risk of an adrenal crisis during treatment?

A

By thorough medical history review, stress management, and ensuring appropriate steroid coverage.

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21
Q

What is the primary treatment for adrenal insufficiency?

A

Lifelong hormone replacement therapy with glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.

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22
Q

How should a patient with adrenal insufficiency be prepared for a major dental surgery?

A

Increase steroid dosage according to medical advice and ensure close monitoring during and after surgery.

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23
Q

What is the significance of recognizing oral manifestations of adrenal insufficiency?

A

It aids in early diagnosis and management of the underlying systemic condition.

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24
Q

What factors increase the risk of adrenal crisis in dental patients with adrenal insufficiency?

A

Stress, infection, trauma, and inadequate steroid supplementation.

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25
What are the systemic manifestations of Diabetes Mellitus?
Increased thirst, frequent urination, extreme hunger, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, irritability, blurred vision, slow-healing sores, frequent infections.
26
What are the oral manifestations of Diabetes Mellitus?
Dry mouth, burning mouth syndrome, candidiasis, periodontal disease, delayed wound healing, increased risk of oral infections.
27
How can systemic diseases with dental implications be investigated in Diabetes Mellitus patients?
Review medical history, blood glucose monitoring, HbA1c levels, consultation with the patient’s physician.
28
What dental implications should be considered for systemic diseases in Diabetes Mellitus patients?
Increased risk of infection, delayed healing, management of xerostomia, potential for hypoglycemic events.
29
What is the dental management for patients with Diabetes Mellitus?
Ensure blood glucose control, schedule morning appointments, maintain regular oral hygiene, use antibiotic prophylaxis if needed, manage dry mouth, avoid long fasting periods.
30
How should dental emergencies be managed in patients with Diabetes Mellitus?
Monitor blood glucose levels, have glucose tablets or gel available, recognize signs of hypo/hyperglycemia, provide immediate glucose in hypoglycemia, seek medical help if necessary.
31
What are the AHA prophylactic antibiotic guidelines for patients with Diabetes Mellitus?
Antibiotic prophylaxis is not specifically required for diabetic patients unless they have other conditions such as endocarditis risk. Follow general guidelines for those conditions.
32
What is the etiology of hypoglycemia in Diabetes Mellitus?
Excessive insulin or oral hypoglycemic medication, insufficient food intake, excessive physical activity, alcohol consumption without food.
33
What is the etiology of hyperglycemia in Diabetes Mellitus?
Insufficient insulin, excessive carbohydrate intake, stress, infection, certain medications, lack of physical activity.
34
What are the clinical features of hypoglycemia in Diabetes Mellitus?
Shaking, sweating, anxiety, dizziness, hunger, fast heartbeat, headache, irritability, confusion, fainting.
35
What are the clinical features of hyperglycemia in Diabetes Mellitus?
Increased thirst, frequent urination, blurred vision, fatigue, headache, difficulty concentrating, fruity-smelling breath, nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath.
36
How is hypoglycemia treated in Diabetes Mellitus?
Consume 15-20 grams of fast-acting carbohydrate (glucose tablets, juice), recheck blood glucose after 15 minutes, repeat if necessary, eat a small meal once stable.
37
How is hyperglycemia treated in Diabetes Mellitus?
Adjust insulin dose as advised by a healthcare provider, increase water intake, monitor blood glucose levels, exercise if levels are not too high, consult a healthcare provider if levels remain high.
38
What should be done if a Diabetes Mellitus patient experiences a hypoglycemic episode during a dental appointment?
Stop treatment, provide 15-20 grams of fast-acting carbohydrate, recheck glucose in 15 minutes, repeat if necessary, monitor the patient until they are stable.
39
What are the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia a dentist should recognize in a patient with Diabetes Mellitus?
Shaking, sweating, anxiety, dizziness, hunger, fast heartbeat, headache, irritability, confusion.
40
What are the signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia a dentist should recognize in a patient with Diabetes Mellitus?
Increased thirst, frequent urination, blurred vision, fatigue, headache, difficulty concentrating.
41
How can xerostomia be managed in a patient with Diabetes Mellitus?
Encourage regular sips of water, use saliva substitutes, avoid alcohol and caffeine, maintain good oral hygiene, use sugar-free gum or candies.
42
What precautions should be taken for dental procedures in patients with uncontrolled Diabetes Mellitus?
Postpone elective procedures until diabetes is better controlled, monitor blood glucose levels, consult with the patient's physician, use antibiotics if needed to prevent infection.
43
How can periodontal disease be managed in a patient with Diabetes Mellitus?
Emphasize good oral hygiene, schedule regular dental cleanings, use antimicrobial mouth rinses, manage blood glucose levels, provide patient education on the link between diabetes and periodontal disease.
44
Why is it important to schedule morning appointments for patients with Diabetes Mellitus?
Blood glucose levels are typically more stable in the morning, reducing the risk of hypoglycemic episodes during the appointment.
45
What role does blood glucose monitoring play in the dental management of patients with Diabetes Mellitus?
Helps assess the patient's current glucose control, guides adjustments in dental treatment plans, identifies risks for hypo/hyperglycemia during procedures.
46
Why should diabetic patients avoid long fasting periods before dental appointments?
To prevent hypoglycemia, which can occur if blood glucose levels drop too low due to lack of food intake.
47
What is the significance of HbA1c levels in managing Diabetes Mellitus in dental patients?
HbA1c levels indicate long-term glucose control, helping assess overall diabetes management and predict the risk of complications during dental treatments.
48
How can dry mouth affect oral health in Diabetes Mellitus patients?
Increases the risk of tooth decay and gum disease, causes discomfort, and can lead to difficulties in speaking and swallowing.
49
What lifestyle factors should be discussed with Diabetes Mellitus patients to improve their oral and systemic health?
Healthy diet, regular exercise, avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol, managing stress, maintaining good oral hygiene.
50
What is the impact of diabetes on wound healing in dental patients?
Diabetes can delay wound healing due to poor blood circulation, increased risk of infection, and impaired immune response.
51
How can dentists help manage burning mouth syndrome in patients with Diabetes Mellitus?
Provide pain relief options, recommend saliva substitutes, address any underlying conditions like fungal infections, refer to a specialist if necessary.
52
Why are diabetic patients more prone to oral infections?
High blood glucose levels create a favorable environment for bacteria and fungi to grow, impair the immune response, and reduce saliva flow.
53
What are the potential complications of untreated periodontal disease in diabetic patients?
Increased risk of tooth loss, poor blood glucose control, systemic inflammation, higher risk of cardiovascular disease.
54
What specific oral hygiene practices should be emphasized for diabetic patients?
Brushing twice a day, flossing daily, using antimicrobial mouth rinse, regular dental check-ups, managing blood glucose levels.
55
How can a dental team prepare for managing a hypoglycemic emergency in the clinic?
Keep glucose tablets or gel readily available, train staff to recognize and respond to hypoglycemia, establish a protocol for managing diabetic emergencies.
56
What are the long-term benefits of good oral hygiene in patients with Diabetes Mellitus?
Reduced risk of oral infections and complications, improved overall health, better blood glucose control, enhanced quality of life.
57
How does stress management play a role in the health of diabetic patients?
Stress can affect blood glucose levels, so managing stress through relaxation techniques, exercise, and adequate sleep can improve overall diabetes control.
58
Why is patient education important in managing diabetes-related oral health issues?
Educates patients on the link between diabetes and oral health, encourages adherence to oral hygiene practices, empowers patients to take an active role in their health.
59
What are the common signs of periodontal disease that dentists should look for in diabetic patients?
Red, swollen, or bleeding gums, persistent bad breath, loose or separating teeth, changes in bite, gum recession.
60
What are the systemic manifestations of infective bacterial endocarditis?
Fever, chills, night sweats, fatigue, muscle and joint pain, weight loss.
61
What are the oral manifestations of infective bacterial endocarditis?
Petechiae on the mucosa, oral ulcerations, splinter hemorrhages, Osler's nodes.
62
How can dental procedures impact patients with infective bacterial endocarditis?
Bacteremia from dental procedures can lead to bacterial colonization on heart valves.
63
What are Janeway lesions, and how are they related to infective endocarditis?
Painless, flat, red spots on palms and soles; indicative of septic emboli from infective endocarditis.
64
Which systemic diseases have dental implications for patients with infective endocarditis?
Rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart defects, prosthetic heart valves.
65
How do systemic diseases with dental implications affect dental treatment plans?
Increased risk of infection and need for antibiotic prophylaxis during invasive dental procedures.
66
What systemic investigations are important for managing patients at risk of infective endocarditis?
Blood cultures, echocardiogram, complete blood count (CBC), C-reactive protein (CRP) levels.
67
Why is it important to assess cardiac history in dental patients?
Identifying patients at risk of infective endocarditis helps prevent complications from bacteremia.
68
What is the general approach to dental management for patients at risk of infective endocarditis?
Thorough medical history, antibiotic prophylaxis if indicated, maintaining excellent oral hygiene.
69
Why is pre-treatment assessment crucial for patients with infective endocarditis?
To identify the need for antibiotic prophylaxis and prevent potential endocarditis.
70
What dental procedures typically require antibiotic prophylaxis in high-risk patients?
Tooth extractions, periodontal procedures, implant placement, and other invasive procedures.
71
What is the role of oral hygiene in preventing infective endocarditis?
Reducing bacterial load and preventing bacteremia that could lead to infective endocarditis.
72
How should dental professionals manage routine cleanings for patients at risk of infective endocarditis?
Consider antibiotic prophylaxis and ensure meticulous plaque removal.
73
What specific precautions should be taken during dental treatment for patients with infective endocarditis?
Aseptic techniques, minimizing trauma, and close monitoring for signs of infection.
74
How often should patients at risk of infective endocarditis have dental check-ups?
Regularly, typically every 3-6 months, to maintain optimal oral health and monitor for potential issues.
75
What is the protocol for dental emergencies in patients at risk of infective endocarditis?
Immediate evaluation, possible antibiotic prophylaxis, and urgent but cautious dental care.
76
What should be done if a patient with infective endocarditis presents with a dental abscess?
Immediate drainage, appropriate antibiotics, and possibly hospitalization for further care.
77
How should dental professionals manage postoperative care for patients with infective endocarditis?
Monitor for signs of infection, ensure proper healing, and maintain open communication with the patient's cardiologist.
78
Why is it important to recognize the symptoms of infective endocarditis during dental treatment?
Early detection and referral can prevent severe complications and improve patient outcomes.
79
What are the clinical features of an emergency situation related to infective endocarditis in a dental setting?
Sudden onset of fever, chest pain, shortness of breath, or unexplained systemic symptoms.
80
How should dental professionals respond to a suspected infective endocarditis emergency during treatment?
Stop the procedure, provide supportive care, and refer the patient to emergency medical services immediately.
81
What emergency medications should be available in a dental office for patients at risk of infective endocarditis?
Antibiotics, oxygen, and medications to manage acute symptoms like pain and fever.
82
How can dental offices prepare for emergency situations in patients with infective endocarditis?
Regular staff training, emergency protocols, and maintaining communication with local hospitals.
83
What are the AHA prophylactic antibiotic guidelines for patients with infective endocarditis?
Single dose of amoxicillin (2g) 30-60 minutes before the procedure; alternative antibiotics for those allergic to penicillin.
84
When are prophylactic antibiotics recommended for dental procedures?
For high-risk patients undergoing invasive dental procedures that involve manipulation of gingival tissue or perforation of oral mucosa.
85
What are the contraindications for prophylactic antibiotics in dental patients?
Known allergy to the recommended antibiotic without a suitable alternative.
86
Why is it important to follow AHA guidelines for prophylactic antibiotics?
To prevent bacterial endocarditis in at-risk patients while avoiding unnecessary antibiotic use.
87
How should dental professionals manage patients with a history of allergic reactions to antibiotics?
Obtain a detailed history, consider alternative antibiotics, and consult with the patient's physician.
88
What are the potential complications of not using prophylactic antibiotics in at-risk patients?
Increased risk of developing infective endocarditis, which can lead to severe cardiac complications.
89
How do the AHA guidelines help in standardizing care for patients at risk of infective endocarditis?
They provide evidence-based recommendations to reduce variability in practice and improve patient outcomes.
90
What is infective endocarditis?
An infection of the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves, usually caused by bacteria.
91
What are the common causes of infective endocarditis?
Streptococci, staphylococci, and other bacteria entering the bloodstream and attaching to heart tissue.
92
What conditions increase the risk of developing infective endocarditis?
Congenital heart defects, prosthetic heart valves, previous endocarditis, and intravenous drug use.
93
How can poor dental hygiene lead to infective endocarditis?
Bacteria from the mouth can enter the bloodstream during routine activities like brushing or dental procedures, potentially leading to endocarditis.
94
What are Osler's nodes, and what do they indicate?
Painful, red, raised lesions on fingers or toes, indicative of infective endocarditis.
95
How does infective endocarditis present clinically?
Fever, heart murmur, petechiae, splenomegaly, and embolic phenomena.
96
What complications can arise from untreated infective endocarditis?
Heart failure, stroke, organ damage, and death.
97
Why is early diagnosis of infective endocarditis crucial?
Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent severe complications and improve prognosis.
98
How do the AHA guidelines address antibiotic resistance concerns?
By recommending targeted antibiotic use only for high-risk patients, thereby reducing unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions.
99
How should dental records be managed for patients at risk of infective endocarditis?
Detailed documentation of medical history, prophylactic measures, and treatment provided, ensuring continuity of care.

Oral medicine (7 decks)

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