DEONTOLOGY

Question 1

Is a moral philosophy that focuses on the inherent rightness or wrongness of actions, rather than their
consequences.

Answer 1

DEONTOLOGY

Question 2

It is based on rules, duties, and moral principles, emphasizing that some actions are inherently right or wrong regardless of their outcomes.

Answer 2

DEONTOLOGY

Question 3

deon means

Answer 3

“duty”

Question 4

“duty” means

Answer 4

“science”

Question 5

is derived from the Greek:
deon = “duty”
logos = “science”

Answer 5

deontology

Question 6

The morality of human act depends on whether it fulfills a

Answer 6

duty or not

Question 7

It uses rules to distinguish right from wrong.

Answer 7

deontology

Question 8

It is our duty to do the

Answer 8

right actions

Question 9

THIS REFERS TO AN INDIVIDUAL’S MORAL OBLIGATION TO ACT ACCORDING TO MORAL LAW, REGARDLESS OF PERSONAL DESIRES OR EXTERNAL CONSEQUENCES.

Answer 9

SENSE OF DUTY

Question 10

WHICH MEANS
DOING SOMETHING BECAUSE IT IS THE RIGHT THING TO DO, NOT BECAUSE OF ANY
BENEFIT OR PERSONAL INCLINATION.

Answer 10

GOOD WILL,

Question 11

ACCORDING TO KANT, AN ACTION HAS MORAL WORTH ONLY IF IT
IS PERFORMED

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FROM DUTY

Question 12

THIS MEANS THAT EVEN IF AN ACTION PRODUCES GOOD OUTCOMES, IT IS TRULY MORAL ONLY IF IT IS

Answer 12

DONE OUT OF A SENSE OF DUTY

Question 13

ACCORDING TO KANT, AN ACTION HAS ——– ONLY IF IT
IS PERFORMED FROM DUTY, NOT JUST IN ACCORDANCE WITH DUTY. THIS MEANS
THAT EVEN IF AN ACTION PRODUCES GOOD OUTCOMES, IT IS TRULY MORAL ONLY IF
IT IS DONE OUT OF A SENSE OF DUTY, RATHER THAN OUT OF SELF-INTEREST,
EMOTIONS, OR EXTERNAL PRESSURES.

Answer 13

MORAL WORTH

Question 14

IF YOU ACT OUT OF A SENSE OF DUTY ⇒ YOUR ACTION HAS

Answer 14

MORAL WORTH.

Question 15

a German philosopher, who lived in the quiet
town of Konigsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia).

Answer 15

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)

Question 16

From his belief that humans possess the ability to reason and understand
universal moral laws that they can apply in all situations.

Answer 16

Immanuel Kant

Question 17

From his belief that humans possess the ability to

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reason and understand

Question 18

is often credited with founding deontological ethics, a moral theory that emphasizes duties and rules as the basis for moral action, rather than the consequences of actions.

Answer 18

Immanuel Kant

Question 19

His work in ethics is
central to his broader philosophical project, which aims to establish a
foundation for human knowledge, morality, and freedom.

Answer 19

Immanuel Kant

Question 20

KANT DISTINGUISHES BETWEEN TWO TYPES OF
IMPERATIVES

Answer 20

HYPOTHETICAL IMPERATIVE
CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE

Question 21

Based on personal goals or desires.

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HYPOTHETICAL IMPERATIVE

Question 22

Morality is conditional—you only follow the rule if
you have the goal.

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HYPOTHETICAL IMPERATIVE

Question 23

subjective rules for acting that are used to navigate
the world, solve problems, and pursue various ends.

Answer 23

HYPOTHETICAL IMPERATIVE

Question 24

It serves as a test for determining whether an action
is morally right.

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CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE

Question 25

Based on moral duty, not personal desires.

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CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE

Question 26

Commands you to do something

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CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE

Question 27

Morality is universal—applies to everyone, regardless of circumstances.

Answer 27

CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE

Question 28

“Act only according to that maxim whereby you can, at the same time, will that it should become a universal law.”

Answer 28

Principle of Universalizability

Question 29

the principle where the Act only on rules that you would accept as laws for everyone to follow.

Answer 29

Principle of Universalizability

Question 30

principle where the “Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of another, always at the same time as an end, never merely as a means.”

Answer 30

PRINCIPLE OF HUMANITY

Question 31

CAN BE CONTRASTED TO KINGDOM OF MEANS

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KINGDOM OF ENDS

Question 32

KINGDOM OF ENDS CAN BE CONTRASTED TO

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KINGDOM OF MEANS

Question 33

here, Everyone is treated with respect and dignity, like they matter.

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KINGDOM OF ENDS

Question 34

is Kant’s vision of a perfectly moral society where everyone follows universal ethical principles and treats others with respect.

Answer 34

KINGDOM OF ENDS

Question 35

People are used like tools to get what someone wants.

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KINGDOM OF MEANS

Question 36

is a hypothetical society where people are treated as mere tools for others' benefit, rather than as individuals with dignity and intrinsic worth.

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KINGDOM OF MEANS

Question 37

In this unethical system, moral rules are ignored when inconvenient, and actions are driven by self-interest, power, or manipulation instead of duty and universal moral principles.

Answer 37

KINGDOM OF MEANS

Question 38

“The Idea of the will of every rational being as a will that legislates universal law.”

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AUTONOMY FORMULATION

Question 39

Every rational person should follow reason (autonomy) rather than external influences (heteronomy).

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AUTONOMY FORMULATION

Question 40

“True freedom lies in aligning actions with rational, self-imposed principles rather than external forces or desires”

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AUTONOMY FORMULATION

Question 41

In here, You are not just following rules—you are a rational moral agent who gives yourself the law. You act morally because you choose to, freely and rationally— not because someone forces you.

Answer 41

AUTONOMY FORMULATION

Question 42

The will is governed by external influencesz, such as emotions, desires, or external authorities.

Answer 42

HETERONOMY

Question 43

Being governed or influenced by external forces, laws, or authorities rather than self-imposed principles.

Answer 43

HETERONOMY

Question 44

The will is self-governing and follows universal moral law that it legislates for itself.

Answer 44

AUTONOMY

Question 45

Every rational person should act as if their actions could become a universal law that everyone must follow.

Answer 45

AUTONOMY

Question 46

Moral actions are truly moral only if they come from duty, not from ------

Answer 46

external influence or desire

Question 47

Moral law is imposed from an external source (e.g., societal rules, divine command).

Answer 47

EXTERNALIST

Question 48

View that the justification or meaning of a belief or mental state depends on factors external to the individual’s mind.

Answer 48

EXTERNALIST

Question 49

Moral law is derived from within the rational agent, based on reason alone.

Answer 49

INTERNALIST

Question 50

View emphasizing that justification for beliefs or reasons for actions must come from factors internal to the individual, such as their mental states, awareness, or desires.

Answer 50

INTERNALIST

Question 51

If morality is based on hypothetical imperatives, it depends on external conditions or ends.

Answer 51

HYPOTHETICAL → EXTERNALIST

Question 52

If morality is based on categorical imperatives, it comes from reason itself.

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CATEGORICAL → INTERNALIST

Question 53

focuses on Consistency and fairness

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Universal Formulation

Question 54

Main Question to Ask in Universal Formulation

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"What if everyone did this?"

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focuses on Respect for persons

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Humanity Formulation

Question 56

Main Question to Ask in Humanity Formulation

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"Am I treating others as ends, not just as means?"

Question 57

focuses on Moral freedom and responsibility

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Autonomy Formulation

Question 58

Main Question to Ask in Autonomy Formulation

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"Am I choosing this action freely and rationally?"

Question 59

is a thought experiment where you design teh rules of society without knowing your own place in it. You don't know if you'll be rich or poor, strong or weak, or what race, gender, or abilities you'll have

Answer 59

Rawl's veil of ignorance or A theory of Justice (1971)

Question 60

This ignorance fores them to design rules and institutions impartiality, without bias or self-interest

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Rawl's beil of ignorance

Question 61

FOR MORALITY TO HAVE MEANING, THREE IMPORTANT THINGS MUST EXIST:

Answer 61

FREE WILL IMMORTALITY OF THE SOUL GOD’S EXISTENCE

Question 62

We must have the ability to make our own choices. If we were forced to act in a certain way, we couldn’t be held responsible for our actions. True morality requires freedom.

Answer 62

Free Will

Question 63

Since perfect happiness(summum bonum) is not always achieved in this life, there must be an afterlife where good people can be properly rewarded. Without an afterlife, moral actions might seem pointless.

Answer 63

Immortality of the Soul

Question 64

perfect happiness

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(summum bonum)

Question 65

(summum bonum)

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perfect happiness

Question 66

There must be a fair and just judge who ensures that moral people are rewarded and immoral people are held accountable.

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God’s Existence

Question 67

he believed that only God could provide this justice, making his existence necessary for morality to be complete

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Immanuel Kant

Question 68

5 PROOFS OF GOD’S EXISTENCE

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1.The Argument from Motion 2. The Argument from Causation 3. The Argument from Contingency 4. The Argument from Degree 5. The Argument from Design (Teleological Argument)

Question 69

Everything in motion was moved by something else. There must be a First Mover that set everything into motion, and this is God

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The Argument from Motion

Question 70

Every effect has a cause. There cannot be an infinite chain of causes, so there must be a First Cause that is uncaused—this is God.

Answer 70

The Argument from Causation

Question 71

All things in the universe are contingent (they could exist or not exist). But if everything were contingent, nothing would exist. So, there must be a Necessary Being that has always existed— God.

Answer 71

The Argument from Contingency

Question 72

We recognize degrees of qualities (good, true, noble). These imply a maximum of such qualities. The ultimate standard or maximum is God.

Answer 72

The Argument from Degree

Question 73

Non-intelligent things act toward an end or purpose. This directedness suggests the guidance of an Intelligent Designer, which is God.

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The Argument from Design (Teleological Argument)

Question 74

4 STRENGTHS OF DEONTOLOGY

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Clear and Logical Respects Human Dignity Fair and Equal Focuses on Intentions–

Question 75

It gives clear rules to follow.

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Clear and Logical

Question 76

It teaches us to treat others with respect.

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Respects Human Dignity

Question 77

The same rules apply to everyone, no special treatment.

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Fair and Equal

Question 78

It values doing good for the right reasons, not for rewards.

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Focuses on Intentions

Question 79

4 WEAKNESSES OF DEONTOLOGY

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Too Strict Ignores Consequences Hard to Apply Too Idealistic

Question 80

It does not allow exceptions, even in extreme situations.

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Too Strict

Question 81

Sometimes, bad consequences can come from following a rule.

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Ignores Consequences

Question 82

In real life, some moral rules can conflict with each other.

Answer 82

Hard to Apply

Question 83

It assumes everyone can always act morally, which is not always realistic.

Answer 83

Too Idealistic

Question 84

is centered on duty and rational moral laws. For him, an action is morally right not because of what it achieves, but because it is done out of respect for duty.

Answer 84

Kant’s ethics

Question 85

We should follow moral rules that we can

Answer 85

universalize