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Ethics (Q) > Deontology > Flashcards

Deontology Flashcards

1
Q

Deontology (SUMMARY)

A
  1. Kantian Deontology (Moral Law)
  2. Kantian Deontology (Categorical Imperative)
  3. Evaluation of Kant
  4. Other Types of Deontology
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2
Q
  1. Kantian Deontology (Moral Law)
A
  1. The Moral Law
  2. Different Types of Statement
  3. Good Will and Duty
  4. Emotion
  5. Freedom
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3
Q
  1. Kantian Deontology (Categorical Imperative)
A
  1. Categorical Imperative
  2. First Formulation: The Universal Law
  3. Second Formulation: Treat humans as ends in themselves
  4. Third Formulation: Kingdom of Ends
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4
Q
  1. Evaluating Kant
A
  1. Strengths

2. Weaknesses

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5
Q
  1. Other Types of Deontology
A
  1. W. D. Ross’ Deontology
  2. Criticisms of Ross
  3. Nagel’s Deontology
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6
Q

Moral Law (1)

A

Kant believed there is an objective moral law and that we know this law through reason

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7
Q

Different types of statement (1)

A
  • A priori (1+1=2), A posteriori (knowable through experience), Analytic (true by definition), Synthetic (empirical tests)
  • Kant: Moral statements are ‘a priori synthetic’
    This is because morality is gained through pure reason (a priori) and they can be right or wrong (synthetic)
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8
Q

Good Will and Duty

A
  • Kant: “Good will shines forth like a precious jewel”
    Good will is the only conceivable thing that is good without qualification (Good will = highest form of good)
  • Self interest is not good.
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9
Q

Emotion

A

Kant: we should act out of duty, not emotion
Giving to baggar must be done because buty demands it. Not out of compassion
Human actions are moral due to duty not emotion

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10
Q

Freedom

A

Humans are free to make rational choices, if people are not free moral choices are impossible. This ability to rationalise is what separates us from animals

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11
Q

‘Ought Implies Can’

A

Out duty is to follow the categorical imperative.

Every moral option must be possible

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12
Q

Categorical Imperative (2)

A

Imperative = command
Kant identified two types: hypothetical and categorical
Hypothetical: Commands that are true situationally
Categorical: universally prescriptive (not subject to change)

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13
Q

The First Formulation: Universal Law

A

“Do not act on any principle that cannot be universalised”

  • If an action is wrong for one, it is wrong for all
  • Allowing exceptions would have an eroding effect on society.
  • Kant uses the example of lying. Some circumstances mean lying has a more desirable impact. However, this harms society as it violates the source of law. If everyone were to lie, society would be intolerable.
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14
Q

The Second Formulation: Humans as ends in themselves

A
  • Never as a means.
  • Humans are rational and are the highest form of creation. (demand unique treatment)
  • Cannot be exploited for the many (Utilitarian)
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15
Q

The Third Formulation: Act as if you live in a kingdom of ends

A
  • You can’t act on a rule that assumes that others don’t treat people as ends
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16
Q

Strengths of Kant (3)

A
  • Categorical Imperative prohibits ats that would be considered immoral (theft, murder)
  • Kant distinguishes between duty in inclination
  • Theory gives humans intrinsic worth (Cannot be exploited)
  • Absolutism is consistent
17
Q

Weaknesses of Kant

A
  • Bases his theory on rationalist (not all have the same thought process)
  • Disallowing individuals from being uses as a means to an end makes theory impractical
  • Universality implies that all moral dilemmas are the same
  • Absolutism means that there are no exceptions
18
Q

Ross’ Deontology

A
  • Critical of ethical egoism (doing something out of self-interest) and argued that morality should be grounded by what we think is right
  • Prima Facie duties are duties that are binding if not overridden by another duty
    ( Seven: Fidelity, reparation, Gratitude, justice, beneficence, Self-Improvement and Non-Malfeasance)
19
Q

Criticisms of Ross

A
  • How do we know which duties apply in which cases?
  • Ross does not explain why we have moral intuitions. just assumes they exist
    Moral disagreements show morality isn’t self evident
20
Q

Nagel’s Deontology

A
  • Central question in ethics is the reasoning behind our moral choices
  • Distinction between agent-relative and agent-neutral reasons
    1. Agent relative reasons: stem from personal desires
    2. Agent neutral reasons: consider everyone equally.
    Consequentialism is against common sense as it is act-centred as opposed to agent centred

Ethics (Q) (5 decks)

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