depressants - opiates Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
what type of plant is the opium poppy?
A
annual
2
Q
what family does the opium poppy belong to?
A
poppy family
3
Q
where is the opium poppy native to?
A
southwest asia
4
Q
where was the opium poppy first domesticated?
A
western mediterranean
5
Q
______ is the world’s oldest known narcotic
A
opium
6
Q
where is opium first referenced as a narcotic?
A
sumerian medical clay tablets as the “joy plant”
7
Q
3 historical uses of the opium poppy
A
- ancient mycenaean funerary rites on crete and cyprus
- burial chambers in spain
- mycenaean opium cults to worship persephone
8
Q
what was the first narcotic use of opium?
A
ivory pipes and opium smoking equipment on crete and cyprus
9
Q
2 forms of opium described by dioscorides
A
- mekonion = ground whole
- opos = latex from capsules
10
Q
______ first summarized the medicinal use of opium
A
galen
11
Q
6 medicinal uses of opium recommended by galen
A
- cure for poison/venemous bites
- chronic headaches
- vertigo
- deafness
- epilepsy
- loss of sight/voice
12
Q
3 places opium use spread to as islamic medicine rose
A
- arabian peninsula
- india
- china
13
Q
how did islamic medicine use opium?
A
pain reliever
14
Q
______ popularized opium use in renaissance europe
A
paracelcus
15
Q
how did paracelcus popularize opium use during the renaissance?
A
developed laudanum → opium + ethanol for pain relief and euphoria
16
Q
thomas sydenham
A
noted opium’s ability to relieve pain and suffeirng
17
Q
______ was a central component of the healing arts
A
opium
18
Q
4 uses for non0alcoholic opium-based syrups
A
- soothe crying infants
- cough remedies
- diarrhea
- dysentery
19
Q
godfrey’s cordial
A
mixture of opium, molasses, and sassafras used as a patent medicine
20
Q
what did thomas de quincey use opium for?
A
toothache pain
21
Q
who first noted the addictive properties of opium?
A
thomas de quincey
22
Q
what piece of literature by thomas de quincey noted the addictive and euphoric effects of opium?
A
confessions of an opium eater
23
Q
who introduced the opium poppy to china and india?
A
arabic traders
24
Q
______ people developed a habit of smoking tobacco and opium
A
chinese
25
how did opium addiction spread throughout china?
last ming emperor banned the use of tobacco, causing increased amounts of opium to be smoked
26
where was most opium produced during the 1800s?
india
27
which company held a monopoly over the global opium trade?
british east india company
28
where was it illegal to sell and transport opium?
china
29
how did opium get into china if it was banned?
public auctions sold opium to british/american merchant ships that smuggled opium into china
30
illegal opium trade in china
british east india compant supplied raw opium
british/american merchants profited from transport
chinese smuggled and distributed opium
31
who enforced an imperial edict banning the transportation of opium into china?
lin tse-hsü
32
cause of the first opium war
lin tse-hsü's order to destroy all opium stocks
33
outcome of the first opium war
china's port was given to the british, cost of destroyed opium was reimbursed, and british were given trading rights with china
34
second opium war
further weakened chinese government
35
what ended the british-indian opium trade?
pressure rom chinese government and british parliamentarians
36
traditional opium production involves (3 steps)...
1. sharp knife to cut the fruit
2. sap oozes out
3. drying to a gummy substance = raw opium
37
what type of active compound does opium contain?
opiate alkaloids
38
4 most common opiate alkaloids in opium
1. morphine
2. noscapine
3. papaverine
4. thebaine
39
where do opiate alkaloids exert their effects?
opiate receptors of the cns
40
effects of opiate alkaloids on the body
1. reduce brain arousal/awareness to painful stimulation
2. depress respiratory and heart rates
3. decrease secretion of digestive juices and passage of food
4. reduced sexual desire
5. suppressing tension, anxiety, depression, and panic for total satisfaction
41
what can occur from an overdose of opiate alkaloids?
respiratory arrest
42
paregoric
opium + camphor used to treat diarrhea
43
what is the most common opiate alkaloid in raw opium?
morphine
44
3 properties of morphine
1. analgesic
2. hypnotic
3. narcotic
45
2 methods of morphine absorption
1. oral
2. injection
46
what was morphine generally/mostly used for?
painkiller
47
advantage of development of hyperdermic needle for morphine
allowed rapid pain relief by injection of morphine directly into bloodstream
48
addiction to morphine was initially known as ______ ______
soldier's disease
49
why was morphine addiction originally known as soldier's disease?
it was first noted in the american civil war and franco-prussian war
50
diacetylmorphine is a ______ of morphine
semi-synthetic
51
who developed diactetylmorphine?
alder wright
52
how did alder wright create diacetylmorphine?
boiled morphine with acetic acid
53
diacetylmorphine is commercially produced under the trade name ______
heroin
54
what company commercially marketed heroin?
bayer company
55
how did the bayer company market heroin?
harmless, non-addictive substitute for morphine and codeine
56
______ was recognized as the most addictive opiate and banned
heroin
57
why is heroin so addictive?
addition of 2 acetyl groups increases lipid solubility which increases potency
58
4 hour symptoms of heroin withdrawal
- anxiety
- craving
59
8 hour symptoms of heroin withdrawal
- perspiring
- yawning
- teary eyes
- runny nose
60
12 hour symptoms of heroin withdrawal
- goose bumps on skin
- muscle twitching
- hot/cold flashes
- aching bones and muscles
- loss of appetite
61
18-24 hour symptoms of heroin withdrawal
- insomnia
- increased respiration, heart rates, and nausea
62
final stage (24-36 hour) symptoms of heroin withdrawal
- vomiting
- weight loss
- withdrawn/curled up
63
hydromorphone is a ______ of morphine
semi-synthetic
64
2 morphine semi-synthetics
1. diacetylmorphine
2. hydromorphone
65
current medical use of hydromorphone
long-term pain relief in terminally ill cancer patients
66
nalaxone is a ______ opiate
semi-synthetic
67
effect of nalaxone
reverses the depressive effects of opiates on the respiratory system and cns
68
2 common uses of nalaxone
1. counters the effects of opioid overdose
2. overcome opioid addiction/reduce misuse
69
methadone is a ______ opiate
synthetic
70
what is methadone commonly used for?
overcoming addiction to heroin
71
why is methadone used to overcome heroin addiction (4 reasons)?
- less debilitating
- does not depress heart/respiratory rates
- less euphoric/narcotic
- less severe withdrawal symptoms
72
why does methadone have less severe withdrawal symptoms than heroin?
they occur over a longer period
73
why is methadone taken in stages of increasing doses to overcome heroin addiction?
lower dose = reduce cravings for heroin and other opiates
higher dose = prevents withdrawal symptoms and dulls desire
74
codeine is a ______ opiate
semi-synthetic
75
codeine can be derived from ______ or ______
morphine, thebaine
76
2 mild effects of codeine
1. analgesic
2. euphoric
77
what is codeine commonly used for?
cough suppressant
78
when combined with acetylsalicylic acid, what is codeine used for?
- arthritic pain
- headaches
- muscle pains
- colds
79
oxycodone is a ______ opiate
semi-synthetic
80
where is oxycodone derived from?
thebaine
81
what is oxycodone mostly used for?
around the clock pain relief
82
give examples of around the clock pain relief where oxycodone would be used
- chronic cancer patients
- severe osteoarthritic pain
83
where are semi-synthetic opiates produced legally (4 places)?
1. turkey
2. india
3. france
4. australia
84
fentanyl is a ______ opiate
synthetic
85
2 historical uses of fentanyl
1. analgesic
2. anaesthetic
86
______ is the most common synthetic opiate used clinically
fentantl
87
2 analogues of fentanyl
1. sufentanil
2. carfentanil
88
what are fentanyls primarily used for today?
pain relief
89
______ and other synthetic opiates have entered the recreational drug trade
fentanyl
90
2 places where most global opium production occurs
1. afghanistan
2. golden triangle (myanmar, laos, thailand)
91
______ is the major global source of illicit heroin
afghanistan
92
most of north america's heroin supply is smuggled through ______ and ______
mexico, south america
93
3 places where opium poppy plantations have been established?
1. colombia
2. mexico
3. central and south america
