Depression

Question 1

depression in the leading cause of ____

Answer 1

disability

Question 2

__% of adults experience major depressive episodes at some time in their lives.

Answer 2

8

Question 3

___% of Canadians are affected by mood disorders.

Answer 3

10

Question 4

suicide in __% of individuals with major depressive disorder

Answer 4

15

Question 5

twice as prevalent in ___ than ___.

Answer 5

women than men

Question 6

what are the risk factors for depression?

Answer 6

childhood abuse, prior episode of depression, family history, lack of social support, stressful life event, current substance abuse, economic difficulties

Question 7

how much does the brain weigh?

Answer 7

1300g (3lbs) in adults

Question 8

on average, each neutron forms ___ synapses with other neurons.

Answer 8

1000

Question 9

___ allele for serotonin transporter gene thought to reduce the speed with which serotonin neurons can adapt to changes in their stimulation

Answer 9

short

Question 10

activates DNA binding factors that stimulate gene transcription of genes involved in serotonin function

Answer 10

Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

Question 11

people with the __ allele increases a person’s vulnerability to depression

Answer 11

met

Question 12

people diagnosed with major depressive disorder have ___ levels of BDNF

Answer 12

lower

Question 13

decreased levels of ___ and ___ in the synaptic cleft is the underlying process in depression

Answer 13

serotonin and norepinephrine

Question 14

___ activity has also been implicated in mood disorders, with decreased activity in depression and increased activity in mania.

Answer 14

dopamine

Question 15

is the chief administrator of the brain and is responsible for planning, problem solving, intellectual insight, judgement, and expression of emotion.

Answer 15

prefrontal cortex

Question 16

___ matter is composed of primarily myelinated axons

Answer 16

white

Question 17

__ matter contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals and neuroglia

Answer 17

gray

Question 18

integrates and interprets somatic visual and auditory information that is critical for recognition of the familiar

Answer 18

temporal lobe

Question 19

Physiologically, PET and MRI studies show evidence of decreased function in the __ and __ lobes.

Answer 19

frontal and temporal

Question 20

increased blood flow and oxygen consumption during depression and abnormal neurodevelopment

Answer 20

amygdala

Question 21

the __ and ___ are thought to mediate cognitive aspects of depression, such as memory impairments, feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness, guilt, doom, and suicidality.

Answer 21

neocortex and hippocampus

Question 22

people with depression have increased levels of:

Answer 22

CRF and cortisol

Question 23

childhood stress causes:

Answer 23

chronic disinhibition of HPA axis and exaggerated stress response as adults

Question 24

antidepressants have ___ effects and have been used to treat chronic pain

Answer 24

anti-inflammatory

Question 25

involve distorted negative beliefs and thoughts about the self, the environment, and the future that can induce and perpetuate depressive symptoms

Answer 25

psychodynamic factors

Question 26

Involve a severe reduction in rewarding activities or an increase in unpleasant events in one’s life that results in depression and a further restriction of activity, decreasing the likelihood of experiencing pleasurable activities and intensifying a mood disturbance

Answer 26

behavioural factors

Question 27

involve loss of a parent or lack of emotionally adequate parenting that may delay or prohibit the realization of appropriate developmental milestones

Answer 27

developmental factors

Question 28

Involves a disruption in family dynamics involving maladaptive circular patterns in family interactions that contribute to the onset of depression in family members

Answer 28

family distress

Question 29

Are adverse or traumatic life events especially that involve the loss of an important human relationship or role in life that is followed by a depression

Answer 29

social factors

Question 30

block the reuptake of serotonin

Answer 30

SSRIs

Question 31

block the degradation of NE and serotonin

Answer 31

MAOIs

Question 32

inhibit the uptake of NE and serotonin into the presynaptic terminal allowing NE and serotonin to accumulate in the synapse and thus enhance their action.

Answer 32

TCAs

Question 33

procedure that electrically stimulates a generalized seizure

Answer 33

ECT (electroconvulsive therapy)

Question 34

ECT has been shown to up regulate levels of ___

Answer 34

BDNF

Question 35

only indicated for patients whose depression is resistant to conventional treatments

Answer 35

ECT

Question 36

uses artificial light to influence the production of melatonin and the function of catecholamine systems

Answer 36

light therapy

Question 37

involves using an implanted stimulator that sends electric impulses to the left vagus nerve in the enck via a lead wire implanted under the skin

Answer 37

vagal nerve stimulation (VNS)

Question 38

Involves the implantation of electrodes which are connected to a surgically implanted impulse generator that delivers electrical stimulation to the ventral striatum which has been found to have functional dysregulation in depression

Answer 38

deep brain stimulation

Question 39

Involves stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex by using weak electric currents which are induced in the tissue by rapidly changing magnetic fields or electromagnetic induction

Answer 39

transcranial magnetic stimulation

Question 40

It is thought that by reducing stressors and negative thinking, the abnormal activity of the neurotransmitters indicated in depression and the stress response can be reduced, aiding in a more normal functioning of BDNF, neurotransmission, neuroendocrine abnormalities, and reduction &/or prevention of the neuroanatomical changes of depression

Answer 40

psychotherapy focused