Depression + Schizophrenia Flashcards
(20 cards)
What are some core features of depression?
- Pervasive low mood/sadness
- Loss of energy (anergia)
- Loss of enjoyment (anhedonia)
What are some physical symptoms of depression?
- Loss of appetite
- Weight loss
- Diurnal variation of mood
- Poor sleep
- Loss of libido
- Constipation
- Psychomotor slowing or
- Agitation
What are some psychological symptoms of depression?
Poor concentration Feelings of guilt Feelings of hopelessness Low self-esteem Indecisive Suicidal ideation Delusions
Why is depression management so important to the NHS?
consumes a huge proportion of resource: whether directly through mental health support and pharmaceuticals, but more so in affecting resilience and likelihood to self-care for a range of other conditions.
What is the incidence + prevalence of depression?
→ Approx. 10% of England’s population have a recorded diagnosis of depression, but in NWL the prevalence is lower at about 6-8%.
→ The prevalence rises to about 20% among those over the age of 65 years.
→ About 1 in 6 people will experience depression or anxiety symptoms in the last week.
→ increasing in diagnosed prevalence: largely driven by greater awareness and more timely diagnosis.
What is the morbidity of depression?
represents the largest group of people claiming health-related benefits in England – indicating high levels of unemployment.
What is the mortality of depression?
→ can vary in severity and may be episodic or chronic.
→ associated with suicide but mortality directly associated with depression is difficult to quantify, but an association exists.
What are the inequalities of depression in the UK?
the prevalence of depression is fairly consistent across deprivation deciles.
Women are twice as likely to be diagnosed than men.
50% of LGBT community report depression in last 12 months. Depression is much more common in the north of England than
in London and the south.
People with depression are less likely to self-care and very
likely to become socially isolated as they fall out of
What is the link between depression and suicide?
Over 6000 suicides in UK annually
Most common cause of death in young men
Male to female ratio of 3:1 Rates are rising in young and
middle aged men
Hanging is most common method
Most commonly associated withdrug/alcohol use disorders and depression
What is the treatment for depression?
→ Medication: Antidepressants Response after 2-3 weeks
→ Psychological therapies : 12 session CBT
→ Social prescribing : Exercise, company
What is mania?
The opposite of depression, happens in bipolar disorder
What are symptoms of mania?
Elated mood Irritability Over-energized Grandiose Little need for sleep Poor concentration Poor judgement Over-spending Rapid speech Psychomotor agitation
What are symptoms of schizophrenia?
Hallucination: hearing, seeing or feeling things that are not there.
Delusion: fixed false beliefs not shared by others in the person’s culture and that are firmly held even when there is evidence to the contrary. Passivity Thought alienation
Abnormal Behaviour: disorganised behavior such as wandering aimlessly, mumbling or laughing to self, strange appearance, self-neglect or appearing unkempt
Disorganised speech; incoherent or irrelevant speech
Disturbances of emotions: marked apathy or disconnect between reported emotion and what is observed such as facial expression or body language
What is formal thought disorder?
Failing to follow the semantic and syntactic rules of language
What 2 disorders come under severe mental illness (SMI)?
→ BPAD = bipolar affective disorder
→ schizophrenia
What is the incidence t prevalence of SMI?
→ Approximately 1% diagnosed lifetime prevalence for each of the two conditions (meaning 2% total prevalence for SMI).
→ Schizophrenia, with its teenage onset, typically disrupts
education, family life and relationships.
→ High prevalence of schizophrenia among street homeless populations.
→ BPAD tends to occur later once education and early career
goals have been achieved. Its impact is less pronounced and highly varied.
What is the morbidity of SMI?
Very substantial. Both directly and indirectly through poor health maintenance behaviours in long term condition management. BPAD can predispose to unsustainable financial spending and risky behaviours.
What is the mortality associated with schizophrenia?
Very substantial, but very high levels of suicide and accidental injury among schizophrenia.
What are the inequalities associated with SMI?
→ Adults with SMI are twice as likely to have long term conditions, and poorer health outcomes because of this.
→ Strongly associated with smoking, alcohol and substance misuse: psychosis is associated with cannabis consumption.
→ Life expectancy is reduced by 15-20 years in patients with SMI.
How is schizophrenia treated?
→ Antipsychotics
→ Psychological therapies
→ Family therapy
→ Arts therapies
