Depressive and Bipolar Disorders Flashcards

Question

Social difficulties with depression

Answer 1

Few close friendships  loneliness and isolation Social withdrawal Ineffective coping styles in social situations

Answer 2

Typically has less supportive, more conflictual, familial relationships Feels isolated from from family Prefers to be alone – often hear that they are withdrawing (e.g., spending all their time in their room, etc.)

Answer 3

Most youth with depression think about suicide As many as 1/3 of those who think about it will attempt it Worldwide, strongest risk factors are having a mood disorder and being a young female Ages 13 – 14 are peak periods for first suicide attempt by those with depression

Answer 4

1. Psychodynamic - symbolic loss of love object 2. Attachment - insecure attachment 3. Behavioural -lack/loss of reinforcement 4. Cognitive - depressive mindset 5. Self-Control - problems in organizing behaviour for long term goals 6. Interpersonal - impaired interpersonal functioning 7. Socio-environmental - stressful life circumstances 8. Neurobiological - various abnormalities

Answer 5

Emphasis on importance of learning, environment, skills/deficits during onset and maintenance of depression See depression as being related to a lack of response-contingent positive reinforcement

Answer 6

Negative thinking -> mood Negative thinking styles: a pattern of negative perceptions and attributions and beliefs lead to depressive symptoms Hopelessness: depression-prone individuals engage in self-blame thinking, leads to hopelessness that things can get better Beck's Model

Answer 7

Individuals with depression interpret life events negatively These biases/negative beliefs act as ”interpretive filters” for how they understand events, the world Three main areas of cognitive problems: Information-processing biases Negative outlook regarding self, world, future Negative cognitive schemata

Answer 8

Complex interaction between many factors -> many pathways to a diagnosis

Answer 9

Heritability estimates ranging from 30 – 45% Children with parents who have depression have about 3X the risk Likely inherit the vulnerability to depression and anxiety more generally, which then interacts with the environment

Answer 10

Abnormalities in structure, function of brain regions associated with regulating emotions Amygdala, cingulate, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus Cortical thinning in right hemisphere HPA axis dysregulation, sleep architecture, growth hormone, neurotransmitters have all been implicated

Answer 11

When parents are depressed, parent’s ability to meet child’s needs are impaired Increases chance pf child having depression, anxiety, substance use disorders in adolescence and adulthood When children are depressed, families tend to display more critical and punitive behaviour towards them than other children

Answer 12

Often act as triggers (precipitating factors) Interpersonal stress, personal losses (perceived or actual) Life changes Violent family environment Persistent daily hassles or stressful life events Traumatic event

Answer 13

Prolonged periods of emotional distress and sadness, or exposure to maternal negative moods: May lead to problems regulating negative emotional states, leading to higher likelihood of experiencing depression May lead youth to use negative coping strategies (e.g., avoidance, negative behaviours) to regulate themselves

Answer 14

1. Behavioural therapy 2. Cognitive therapy 3. CBT 4. interpersonal Psychotherapy for Adolescent Depression (ITP-A) 5. Medication

Answer 15

Tricyclics consistently fail to treat youth with depression SSRIs most commonly prescribed for childhood depression Can have side effects, some serious ones: suicidal thoughts, self-harm Lack of information re: long-term effects in youth As many as 60% of youth with depression respond to placebo medication Consideration of the risks of side effects needs to be balanced with benefits of the use of medication and the risks that are associated with not using medications

Answer 16

Focus on increasing positive behaviour – behavioural activation Small steps towards increasing pleasurable activities and events Manageable – want feelings of success, positive reinforcement for their efforts Support skills building to facilitate this process

Answer 17

Focus on changing the negative thinking styles/patterns Teach skills such as: Identifying automatic thoughts Challenging those thoughts (e.g., thought records, detective thinking) Challenging core beliefs, biases that drive automatic thoughts

Answer 18

Combines behavioural and cognitive approaches Most common psychosocial intervention for depression Research suggests it’s the most effective approach Some flexibility in where to start treatment – behavioural or cognitive?

Answer 19

Interpersonal: focuses on improving interpersonal functioning, combines individual (cognitive, behavioural activation, skills-building) and family-based sessions Family based sessions: supporting the family system. Teaching communication, skills to support depressed youth, working on relationships within family (can address attachment issues, emotion validation)

Answer 20

CBT-based programs have been shown to lower risk of depression, as well as lowering risk of re-occurring episodes School-based initiatives have been a focus in this area – opportunity to enhance protective factors, promote resiliency skills, and identify those at risk

Answer 21

Alternating between MDD episodes and striking periods of unusually and persistently elevated, expansive or irritable mood. Elation and euphoria can quickly change to anger and hostility if they experience barriers to behaviour

Answer 22

Symptoms of mania include restlessness, agitation, sleeplessness, pressured speech, flight of ideas, racing thoughts, sexual disinhibition, surges of energy, expansive grandiose beliefs

Answer 23

Bipolar I disorder Bipolar II disorder Cyclothymic disorder

Answer 24

Periods of severe mood episodes: full mania and MDD Episodes last at least 1 week with symptoms present most of the day, nearly every day OR episodes that required hospitalization, regardless of duration

Answer 25

Requires at least one MDD episode and one hypomanic episode during lifetime Periods of mood episodes: hypomania and MDD hypomanic episodes : similar to mania in symptoms, but only needs to last at least 4 days with symptoms present most of the day, nearly every day Often referred to as “milder bipolar” Not accurate – significant time spent in MDD episodes and the instability still results in major impairment in functioning

Answer 26

Experience at least 1 year (in children, adolescents) of cycling between numerous hypomanic and depressive periods without ever reaching full criteria for hypomania or MDD Spent at least ½ of that year with one of these periods present No consistent two month period without any symptoms Have never met criteria for mania, hypomania, or MDD

Answer 27

Significant impairment in functioning Can include previous hospitalizations, MDD, medical treatment, disruptive behaviour History of psychotic symptoms and suicidal ideation/attempts is common Mania in youth may present atypically Mixed manic-depressive symptoms may be more frequent than euphoria

Answer 28

``` Volatile and erratic mood changes Psychomotor agitation Mental excitation Irritability Belligerence ```

Answer 29

manic symptoms often include pressured speech, racing thoughts, flight of ideas

Depressive and Bipolar Disorders Flashcards

(53 cards)