Depressive and Bipolar Disorders

Question 1

depression

Answer 1

emotional state characterized by intense sadness, feelings of futility and worthlessness, and withdrawal from others

Question 2

mania

Answer 2

emotional state characterized by elevated mood, expansiveness, or irritability, often resulting in hyperactivity

Question 3

depressive disorder

Answer 3

disorders that involve periods of symptoms in which an individual experiences an unusually intense and/or prolonged low, sad mood.`

Question 4

unipolar depression

Answer 4

depression without mania

Question 5

how common is unipolar depression?

Answer 5

9% in U.S. each year and 19% within your lifetime

Question 6

gender deferences in…

Answer 6

unipolar

Question 7

rest of the world with…

Answer 7

unipolar

Question 8

5 symptoms of unipolar depression?

Answer 8

1. emotional symptoms
2. motivational symptoms
3. behavioral symptoms
4. cognitive symptoms
5. physical symptoms

Question 9

Anhedonia

Answer 9

an emotional symptom that means the inability to feel pleasure

Question 10

Paralysis of Will

Answer 10

Beck 1967

Question 11

Diagnosing Unipolar Depression?

Answer 11

Criteria 1: Major depressive episode

Criteria 2: No history of mania

Question 12

Major Depressive Disorder

Answer 12

Seasonal, catatonic, paripartum, melancholic

Question 13

Persistent Depressive Disorder

Answer 13

persistent depressive disorder with major depressive episodes, persistent depressive disorder with dysthymic syndrome (double depression)

Question 14

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Answer 14

PMDD

Question 15

What causes unipolar depression?

Answer 15

stress can be a trigger, can also look at both situation and internal factors

Question 16

Biological view of unipolar depression?

Answer 16

Genetic factors: twin studies demonstrate a strong genetic component- concordance rates for MZ twins= 46%
DZ twins= 20%
Adoption studies

Question 17

More biological view

Answer 17

NTs: serotonin and norepinephrine (accidental discovery. High blood pressure meds= depression. Is 5-HT a neuromodulator. Does low serotonin disrupt the activity of other NTs?)
Endocrine system/ hormone release
- cortisol
- melatonin

Question 18

More more biological view

Answer 18

Brain anatomy and brain circuits (a circuit responsible for unipolar depression has begun to emerge. Prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala and Brodmann Area 25)

Question 19

more more more biological view

Answer 19

Immune system

Question 20

Psychological Views

Answer 20

3 main models: Pyschodynamic model, Behavioral model, Cognitive views

Question 21

The Behavioral View

Answer 21

Depression results from changes in rewards and punishments people receive in their lives (Lewinsohn, Strengths and weaknesses of this theory?)

Question 22

Cognitive views

Answer 22

2 main theories: negative thinking and learned helplessness

Question 23

Negative Thinking

Answer 23

Beck theorizes four interrelated cognitive components combine to produce unipolar depression:
maladaptive attitudes, cognitive triad, errros in thinking, automatic thoughts
strengths and weaknesses?

Question 24

Learned Helplessness

Answer 24

Seligman’s work with laboratory dogs, recent versions of the theory focus on attributions, strengths and limitations

Question 25

The Sociocultural View

Answer 25

2 kinds: The family-social perspective (social support), the multicultural perspective (gender and depression, cultural background and depression)

Question 26

Treatments for unipolar depression

Answer 26

A variety of treatment approaches are currently in widespread use

Question 27

Psychological Treatments

Answer 27

3 main schools of thoughts: psychodynamic (long-term vs. short-term) behavioral (lewinsohn) cognitive (Beck's cognitive theory. Increasing activities and elevating mood, challenging automatic thoughts, identifying negative thinking and biases, changing primary attitudes)

Question 28

Sociocultural Treatments

Answer 28

multicultural treatments, family-social (Interpersonal therapy (IPT), couple therapy)

Question 29

Biological Treatments

Answer 29

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), antidepressant drugs, Brain stimulation

Question 30

Antidepressant drugs

Answer 30

Monoanime oxidase inhibitors (MAO inhibitors), tricyclics, Second generation antidepressants (SSRIs, NRIs and SNRIs

Question 31

Brain Stimulation

Answer 31

Vagus nerve stimulation, Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

Question 32

Bipolar Disorders

Answer 32

People with a bipolar disorder experience both the lows of depression and the highs of mania

Question 33

Symptoms of mania?

Answer 33

Emotional symptoms, motivational symptoms,

Question 34

Diagnosing Bipolar Disorders

Answer 34

DSM-5 distinguishes two kinds of bipolar disorder: Bipolar 1 disorder, Bipolar 2 disorder Rapid cycling

Question 35

How common is bipolar disorder?

Answer 35

Between 1% and 2.6% of all adults | The disorders are equally common in women and men

Question 36

A final diagnostic option for bipolar disorder

Answer 36

Cyclothymic disorder

Question 37

What causes Bipolar Disorders?

Answer 37

Biological research has produced some promising clues, Neurotransmitters (NE and 5-HT+ Low NE= Depression, Low 5-HT + High NE= Mania), Ion activity, Brain Structure, Genetic Factors

Question 38

Treatments for Bipolar Disorder

Answer 38

The use of lithium and other mood-stabilizers has dramatically changed this picture but we do not fully understand how mood stabilizing drugs work

Question 39

Adjunctive Psychotherapy

Answer 39

Pyschotherapy alone is rarely helpful for persons with bipoalr disorder, mood stabilizing drugs alone are also not always sufficient, as a result clinicians often use psychotherapy as an adjunct to lithium (or other medication-based) therapy