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Post TAV II > Derm > Flashcards

Derm Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of human tissue

A

Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue

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2
Q

Which tissue generates the physical force to make the body structures move

A

Muscle tissue

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3
Q

Which tissue contains contractile cells that provide the ability to move the body in three dimensions

A

Muscle tissue

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4
Q

Which tissue has the poorest capacity for renewal

A

Nervous tissue

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5
Q

Which tissue has the best/most renewal

A

Epithelial tissue

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6
Q

Which tissue stores energy reserves as fat

A

Connective tissue

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7
Q

What provides contact or adhesion between neighboring cells or between a cell and extra cellular matrix

A

Cell junctions

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8
Q

What maintains and control transport of materials or signals between cells

A

Cell junctions

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9
Q

What facilitates the stable adhesion of basal epithelial cells to the underlying basement membrane

A

Hemidesmosomes

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10
Q

What are the types of epithelial tissue

A

Covering and lining epithelium
Glandular epithelium

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11
Q

What is an integral part of sense organs for hearing, vision and touch

A

Covering and lining epithelium

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12
Q

What is the secreting portion of the glands, such as sweat glands

A

Glandular epithelium

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13
Q

What is the most superficial layer of cells (inner portion)

A

Apical layer

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14
Q

What is the deepest layer of the cells (closest to the basement: think the bottom)

A

Basal layer

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15
Q

What is located between the epithelium and underlying connective tissue layer

A

Basement membrane

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16
Q

What are the ways to classify epithelial tissue

A

Morphology
Stratification

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17
Q

What is the classification of epithelial cells based on shape

A

Morphology

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18
Q

What is the classification of epithelial cells based on number of layers

A

Stratification

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19
Q

What can be keratinized or non-keratinized depending on their location in the body

A

Squamous epithelium

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20
Q

What is found in areas such as the salivary glands and thyroid follicles

A

Cuboidal epithelium

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21
Q

What has an apical surface that may have cilia or microvilli and is taller than they are wide

A

Columnar epithelium

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22
Q

What is useful for organs such as the urinary bladder

A

Transitional epithelium

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23
Q

What makes epithelium pseudostratified

A

It is simple epithelium that appears to be stratified because the cell nuclei lie at different levels and not all cells reach the apical surface - it is simple because all the cells rest on the basement membrane

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24
Q

What provides movement of the cell itself or some parasites and movement of particles or substances across or around the cell

A

Ciliated epithelial cells

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25
Q

What increases the surface area of a cell by multiplying he area 2 dimensions to 3 dimensions

A

Microvilli

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26
Q

What is a highly-insoluble fibrous protein with water-proofing qualities and high friction resistance

A

Keratin

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27
Q

What loses their nucleus and organelles to make room for keratin

A

Keratinocytes

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28
Q

What is found on wet/interior surfaces exposed to considerable wear and tear

A

Non-keratinized stratified epithelium: found in lining of mouth cavity, tongue, pharynx, esophagus and vagina

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29
Q

What are the most common cells in connective tissue that also synthesize and secrete collagen and elastin

A

Fibroblasts

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30
Q

What has components of loose connective tissues and function in localized release of compounds important to inflammatory response, innate immunity, and tissue repair

A

Mast cells

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31
Q

What is very strong and resistant to shear force (HINT: it is the most abundant)

A

Collagen Fibers

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32
Q

What is specialized for cytoplasmic storage of lipid as neutral fats or less commonly for production of heat (HINT: fat cells)

A

Adipocytes

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33
Q

What is found in areas such as the stroma of the lungs

A

Elastic fibers

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34
Q

What provides strength and support in the alls of small blood vessels

A

Reticular fibers - think net like

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35
Q

What lines the GI, respiratory, reproductive and much of the urinary system

A

Mucous membrane

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36
Q

What has an epithelial layer that secretes mucous (mucin) via goblet cells and overall prevents cavities from drying out

A

Mucous membrane (slimy)

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37
Q

What lines a body cavity that doesn’t open directly to exterior and covers organs that lie within the cavity

A

Serous membrane (oily)

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38
Q

What lines the thoracic cavity

A

Pleura

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39
Q

What lines the heart cavity

A

Pericardium

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40
Q

What lines the abdominal cavity

A

Peritoneum

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41
Q

What lines the joints

A

Synovial membranes

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42
Q

What is the surface layer of the skin and is not alive

A

Epidermis

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43
Q

What is comprised of connective tissue and is alive

A

Dermis

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44
Q

What cells consist of mostly keratin and are shed and replaced here

A

Stratum corneum

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45
Q

This is found only in palms and soles of the hands and feet

A

Stratum lucidum

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46
Q

What is losing organelles and nuclei and has infusion of waterproofing lipids

A

Stratum granulosum

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47
Q

Which are the cells beginning to look flattened

A

Stratum spinosum

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48
Q

What is the stem cells layer and new cells arise here

A

Stratum basale

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49
Q

What are the specialized cells of the epidermis and hair follicle with the primary function to synthesize and transfer melanin to adjacent keratinocytes

A

Melanocytes

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50
Q

Melanocyte numbers are similar in individuals of different racial backgrounds: true or false

A

True

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51
Q

What cell is responsible for touch and pressure sensed by mechanoreceptors in the skin

A

Merkel cells

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52
Q

What consists of tactile disc and neuron for touch sensation

A

Merkel cells

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53
Q

What forms a mobile and dense network of cells that sampling any antigens that attempt to pass through the epidermis

A

Dendritic cells

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54
Q

What is a large part of the skins adaptive immunity

A

Dendritic cells

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55
Q

What release secretions directly into the bloodstream

A

Endocrine glands

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56
Q

What release secretions onto a epithelial surface via a duct

A

Exocrine glands

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57
Q

What are the exocrine glands

A

Sebaceous
Sudoriferous

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58
Q

What is an exocrine gland in the skin that opens into a hair follicle and secretes an oily/waxy sebum and is found in all areas of the skin except the palms and soles

A

Sebaceous glands

59
Q

What are the types of sudoriferous glands

A

Eccrine glands
Apocrine glands

60
Q

Which sudoriferous gland covers nearly the entire body surface, empties directly onto the skin surface, not from the hair follicles and serves as a major thermoregulation component

A

Eccrine glands

61
Q

Which gland is attached to the hair follicle and its sweat empties onto the skin via the follicle opening and do not become functional until puberty and have a hormonal activation pattern

A

Apocrine glands

62
Q

What is the portion of the nail that is visible and known as the plate

A

Nail body

63
Q

What is the visible part of the matrix and also known as the little moon

A

Lunula

64
Q

What is the main function of the nails

A

Protect distal phalanxes and surrounding soft tissues from injuries
Allows for grip

65
Q

Lack of oxygen in the blood will make the skin appear as what and called what

A

Bluish and cyanotic

66
Q

What is due to a buildup of the yellow pigment bilirubin indicating liver disease

A

Jaundice

67
Q

What is due to engorgement of capillaries in the dermis with blood - could be due to skin injury, exposure to heat, inflammation, or allergic reaction

A

Erythema

68
Q

What could occur in conditions such as shock and anemia

A

Pallor or paleness

69
Q

Darker brown to black skin tones indicate what

A

High melanin rates

70
Q

Yellow to reddish tones indicate what

A

High carotene rate

71
Q

Red to pinkish tones indicate what

A

High hemoglobin rate

72
Q

What is the primary determinant of skin color, hair and eye color

A

Melanin

73
Q

Melanocytes numbers are approximately the same (with 3-5%) in all people: true of false

A

True

74
Q

What is a genetic, recessive-inherited condition characterized by little or no melanin pigment in the eyes, skin or hair

A

Albinism

75
Q

What is an acquired depigmentation of the skin characterized by loss of melanocytes

A

Vitiligo - autoimmune disease

76
Q

Why does increasing melanin amount and darkness serve an adaptive protective function

A

Melanin protects the skin against UV radiation damage

77
Q

What are tattoos considered to be

A

Lesions

78
Q

What are the functions of the skin

A

Temperature regulation
Protection
Cutaneous sensation
Excretion/absorption/synth

79
Q

What does the skin synthesize and what is the function of that

A

Vitamin D which is converted to calcitriol which aids in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus

80
Q

What does infection of the skin usually indicate

A

Pathogenic or opportunistic microbes invade cellular environment

81
Q

What are the signs of inflammation

A

Localized hyperthermia
Erythema
Localized edema
Pain
Loss of function

82
Q

What are the derm inflammation patterns

A

Granulomatous inflammation (cystic)
Suppurative inflammation (abscesses)
Ulcerative inflammation (ulcers)

83
Q

What is intrinsic aging

A

Natural aging - the inevitable physiologic changes of the skin that occur with time and influenced by genetic and hormonal factors

84
Q

What is extrinsic aging

A

Exposure - the preventable structural and functional changes of the skin that occur with exposure to environmental factors, lifestyle, social determinants, and elective cosmetic surgeries

85
Q

What is the most important source of preventable extrinsic aging

A

Ultraviolet radiation exposure

86
Q

What is the regeneration process of tissue repair

A

Damaged tissue is completely restored to its pre-injury/normal state via new growth. Regeneration can happen continuously (think of the skin shedding all day)

87
Q

What is the replacement process of tissue repair

A

Severely damaged or non-regenerable tissues is repaired by the laying down connective tissue, resulting in scarring (think of burns)

88
Q

What is most rapidly regenerating and repairing tissue and has capacity for continuous renewal

A

Epithelial tissue

89
Q

What has adequate capacity; slower than epithelial cells and prone to hyper proliferation (scarring)

A

Connective tissue

90
Q

What has relatively poor capacity for renewal. Tissue does not divide rapidly enough to replace extensively damaged muscle fibers

A

Muscular tissue

91
Q

What has the poorest capacity for renewal because it does not undergo mitosis to replace damaged neurons

A

Nervous tissue

92
Q

What is the time frame for healing during the inflammation phase

A

1-3 days post injury

93
Q

What is the time frame for healing during the proliferative phase

A

2-10 days post injury

94
Q

What is the time frame for healing during the early remodeling phase

A

2-3 weeks post-injury

95
Q

What is the time frame of healing during the late remodeling phase

A

Months to >1 year

96
Q

What is healing by primary intention

A

Done by suturing or manually closing the skin for healing

97
Q

What is healing by secondary intention

A

When the boys is healing from the inside-out such as an abscess healing

98
Q

What questions should be asked for skin specific medications history

A

Prescriptions, nonprescription medications, vitamins, dietary supplements, herbal remedies started recently

99
Q

What questions should be asked for for skin specific social history: allergies

A

Medications, food, environmental antigens, and contactants

100
Q

What questions should be asked for skin specific social history

A

Occupation, hobbies/leisure activities, diet, bathing habits, pets, living conditions

101
Q

What questions should be asked for skin specific family history

A

Skin diseases, atopy or skin cancer

102
Q

What is atopy

A

Exaggerated IgE-mediated immune response triggering a histamine response

103
Q

What questions should be asked for skin specific prior medical history

A

Blistering sunburns or chronic UVR exposure during youth and adolescence

104
Q

What are some atopic disorders

A

Atopic dermatitis, allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, latex and some food allergies

105
Q

What is being performed during a skin examination

A

Inspection and palpation

106
Q

What are the essential tools for examination for the skin

A

The IDC’s eyes and hands

107
Q

What is ring shaped with central clearing

A

Annular (ring shaped)

108
Q

What is coin-shaped, solid circle, or oval, uniforms appearance, from the edges to the center

A

Round (nummular)

109
Q

What is often a result of incomplete formation of annular lesion

A

Arcuate (arc-shaped)

110
Q

What are multiple different shapes located closely together (grab-bag)

A

Multiform

111
Q

What is formed from coalescing circles, rings, or incomplete rings

A

Polycyclic

112
Q

What is target-like, with a center darker than the periphery

A

Targetoid

113
Q

What presents with a central depression of the surface also known as delled

A

Umbilicated

114
Q

What is resembling a straight line

A

Linear such as poison ivy or scratch marks

115
Q

What is serpentine or snake-like

A

Serpiginous

116
Q

What are the extensor locations

A

Occurring over the dorsal extremities, (extensor muscles, knees and elbows)

117
Q

What are the flexor locations

A

Overlying the flexor muscles of the extremities (antecubital and popliteal fossae)

118
Q

What is flat, circumscribed area of color change less than 1 cm in diameter

A

Macule

119
Q

What is a flat, non-palpable, irregularly shaped macule greater than 1 cm in diameter

A

Patch

120
Q

What is an elevated, firm, circumscribed area less than 1 cm in diameter

A

Papule

121
Q

What is an elevated firm, rough, lesion with flat top greater than 1 cm in diameter

A

Plaque

122
Q

What is an elevated, circumscribed, superficial fluid-filled (clear/serous) less than 1 cm

A

Vesicle

123
Q

What is an elevated, superficial lesion, similar to a vesicle but filled with purulent fluid

A

Pustule

124
Q

What is a vesicle greater than 1 cm

A

Bulla

125
Q

What is an elevated, irregularly-shaped, area of cutaneous edema, solid, transient and variable diameter

A

Wheal (hive)

126
Q

What is elevated, firm, circumscribed lesion, deeper in the dermis than a papule, 1-2 cm in diameter

A

Nodule

127
Q

What is elevated and solid lesion that may or may not be clearly demarcated; deep in dermis and greater than 2 cm

A

Tumor (mass)

128
Q

What is an encapsulated lesion in the dermis or hypodermics; filled with liquid or semi-solid material

A

Cyst

129
Q

What is fine, irregular, red line produced by capillary dilation

A

Telangiectasia

130
Q

What are loose or adherent flake composed of stratum corneum cells

A

Scales such as psoriasis or seborrheic dermatitis

131
Q

What is rough and thickened epidermis secondary to persistent rubbing, itching, or irritation

A

Lichenification such as chronic or atopic dermatitis

132
Q

What is dried serum, blood, or purulent exudates that present slightly elevated

A

Crust

133
Q

What is thick and fibrous tissue that replaces normal skin after injury to the dermis. Epithelial tissue is replaced with connective tissue during the healing process

A

Scar

134
Q

What is an overgrowth of scar tissue that remains confined to the site of initial injury that may be raised or flat

A

Hypertrophic scar

135
Q

What is irregularly shaped, elevated scar that grows beyond the boundaries of the initial injury or wound

A

Keloid

136
Q

What is thinning of the skin and loss of skin markings, skin can turn translucent and paper-like

A

Atrophy

137
Q

What is loss of part of the epidermis

A

Erosion

138
Q

What is loss of epidermis and dermis

A

Ulcer

139
Q

What is loss of the epidermis

A

Excoriation

140
Q

What are linear cracks in skin continuity from epidermis to dermis

A

Fissure

141
Q

What is loss of all scalp hair

A

Alopecia totalis

142
Q

What is loss of all body hair

A

Alopecia universalis

143
Q

What are some nail abnormalities - injury

A

Subungal hematoma
Only holy sis
Onychocryposis

144
Q

What are some nail abnormalities - infection

A

Onychomycosis
Paronychia

Post TAV II (7 decks)

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