Derm

Question 1

3 major epidermal cells

Answer 1

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, and sebaceous glands.

Question 2

Erythema

• What is it?
• Associated with which two things?

Answer 2

Reddening of the skin due to vasodilation.

Associated with dermatitis and psoriasis.

Question 3

Vitiligo is associated with

Answer 3

Pernicious anemia, hyperthyroidism, DM

Question 4

Papsulosquamous disorders

Answer 4

Seborrhic Dermatits- Occurs in sebaceous glands. Scaling, itching, flaking, red patches. Due to yeast infection or excess sebum?

Psoriasis- Multi organ inflammatory autoimmune. Dry, elevated, rounded plaques.

Knees, elbows, eyelids. Triggered episodes by stress

Question 5

__% of men over 60 have BPH

Can lead to ___

Answer 5

80% MOST COMMON BENIGN TUMOR

Can lead to kidney damage due to bladder infection or bladder distention, affecting kidney.

Question 6

BPH symptoms

Answer 6

No pain, only urinary issues.

Tx: meds or surgery.

Question 7

3 types of prostatitis

Answer 7

Inflammation of the prostate- Acute bacterial, chronic bacterial, chronic prostatitis (could be autoimmune)

More common in younger men, painful. No urinary issues!

Question 8

Difference between BPH and prostatitis and prostate cancer

Answer 8

BPH- No pain. Only urinary issues. Older, over 60. Tx with meds or surgery.

Prostatitis- Painful, no urinary issues. Younger. (Chronic prostatitis)

Prostate cancer is similar to BPH. no pain, urinary issues. AA over 50 years. More symptoms at later stages. Dx DRE and serum PSA

Question 9

Prostate cancer is the most common __Cancer in men.

___% is adenocarcinomas

Answer 9

Most common non cutaneous cancer in men.
95% adenocarcinomas.
Asymptomatic, similar to BPH until advanced stages. No pain, compressed urethra.
50+, AA more common.

How to dx: DPE or check serum PSA levels. normal is less than 4ng/mL. But PSA could be elevated due to other reasons.

93% survival rate.

Question 10

Testicular cancer rule of 90

Answer 10

90% survival rate at 5 years.
key- self exam.

90% germ cell tumors, occur between 25-45, malignant, curable.

Question 11

Menstrual cycle phases

Answer 11

Menstrual phase: 1-4
Follicular phase: 5-14
Luteal phase: Day 14-28

Ant pituitary gland releases FSH which causes the ovum to mature and release estrogen. This prepares the endometrium for the egg.

then LH is released, which triggers ovulation at day 14 and conversion of the follicle to corpus lutem. Corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen. If no fertilization, hormone levels decline.

Question 12

Types of dysfunctional bleeding

Answer 12

Oligomenorrhea (too light)
Menorrhagia (too heavy)
Amenorrhea (NO flow)
Dysmenorrhea (painful/difficult)

Question 13

what hormone begins the menstruation cycle

Answer 13

FSH

Question 14

Endometriousis risk factors

Answer 14

Nulliparous- women who have not given birth
30-40 years

Peridic hemorrhage of the ectopic tissue. Causes peritoneal irritation and adhesion (inappropriate wound healing)

Question 15

Firboids

• where do they occur
• what are they

Answer 15

muscular wall of uterus

benign, smooth muscle tumors.

Question 16

Ovarian cyst

• Size
• symptoms

Answer 16

Cyst within the ovarian follicle. 95% benign

Usually are asymptomatic and resolve. Otherwise, may cause pain or menstrual irregularity.

Question 17

PCOS

• Risk factors
• Signs and symptoms
• PCOS increases the risk of
• Ocular manifestations

Answer 17

Obesity, and young age.
signs- excessive hair growth, androgen excess, infertility, obesity.

Increases risk of 2DM, hyperlipidemia, CVD, HTN.

ocular- dry eye and IIH

Question 18

What 4 hormones change during pregnancy

Answer 18

Estrogen and progesterone.

Thyroxine increases to keep up with metabolism

ACTH

Question 19

Systematic changes during pregnancy

Answer 19

Gallstone, coagulopathies, transient hypotension from vasodilation, immunosuppression, decreased GI motility. Peripheral edema

Question 20

Breast feeding decreases risk in child and mom

Answer 20

Child: Asthma, childhood leukemia, SIDS.Better VEP acuity at 4 months, stereo and matching at 36. Happens earlier!
Mom: HTN, CVD, T2DM

Question 21

Ocular changes during pregnancy

Answer 21

Decrease: K sensitivity, IOP, tear production.
Increase: K curvature

Question 22

Placental abruption

• cause
• effects

Answer 22

premature separation of the placenta.
Idiopathic
Could result in mom or baby death

Question 23

Placental previa

Answer 23

Growth of placenta over the cervical opening. Could be total or partial.

Increases risk of bleeding during labor.
Usually deliver by sea section.

Question 24

Molar pregnancy/Hydatidiform mole

Answer 24

Defect in fertilization that causes an abnormal placenta.

Partial- some baby development
Complete- no baby development.

Question 25

Pre eclampsia - signs - risk factors - ocular

Answer 25

Pregnancy induced HTN. 140/90 Sudden weight gain, PROTEINURIA, OLIGURIA. First pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, obesity, Hx of HTN. Ocular: Blur due to edema in retina. Retinopathy. If this progresses to eclampsia, then you could get seizures or loss of consciousness. Could cause placental abruption or CLOTTING.

Question 26

Menopause tx

Answer 26

Hormone replacement therapy. Decreases risk of osteoporosis and colorectal cancer. increases risk of breast cancer, stroke, and MI.

Question 27

How many women have fibrocystic breast changes

Answer 27

50%

Question 28

__% lifetime risk of developing breast cancer __% of breast cancers have no family history breast cancer is 2nd leading cause of women death related to cancer in which populations. # 1 in ___ Black women have a ___% higher breast cancer death rate. Why?

Answer 28

13 85 white and black hispanic They have a 40% higher each rate. Most are diagnosed later stages. Due to structural barriers, physican barriers.

Question 29

Main 2 breast cancer risk factors

Answer 29

Women Increases risk as you get older Genetics- BRCA1 and BRCA2! (assoc with 5-10% of breast cancer cases. Individuals with these mutations have a 50-80% lifetime chance of cancer) Race Breast tissue density Early menstrual history

Question 30

Main breast cancer sign, dx, and type, and tx

Answer 30

Peristent lump and thickening dx mammogram. Should go annually over 40 70-80% are invasive ductal tx: surgery and drug therapy

Question 31

Breast cancers cause __% of ocular cancer metastases

Answer 31

70% 8% come from lung cancers 90% go to the uvea

Question 32

cervical cancer causes and risk factos

Answer 32

cause- HPV 16 and 18 Risk- Many pregnancies 4x Smoking 3x Oral contraceptive use 4x

Question 33

Ovarian cancer screening and dx symptoms risk factors

Answer 33

No screening, use CA-125 for dx Asymptomatic until late. Family history is main risk factor!!!!!! or personal history of cancer.

Question 34

Contraceptives. estrogens suppress production of ___, which prevents ___ Progestogens suppress production of ___, which prevents ____

Answer 34

Estrogens suppress FSH, which prevents ovulation. Progestogens suppress LH, which prevents ovulation, thins the endometrium and thickens mucous.

Question 35

Oral contraceptives reduce risk of? Increase risk of? Contraindications

Answer 35

Reduce risk of- endometrial and ovarian cancer. Increase risk of: Thromboembolism, MI 3x Contra in smokers, liver disorder, breast cancer