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Small Animal (Poppy) > Dermatology > Flashcards

Dermatology Flashcards

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1
Q

Layers of skin

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutis

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2
Q

Which layer of skin is immunological barrier?

A

Dermis

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3
Q

Mediator in atopic dermatitis

A

IgE

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4
Q

Factors contributing to atopic dermatitis

A

Skin barrier
Immune system (allergy)
Bacteria and yeast

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5
Q

Main bacteria to consider in dysbiosis

A

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius

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6
Q

Main yeast to consider in dysbiosis

A

Malassezia pachydermatitis

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7
Q

What type of pyoderma is a ‘hotspot’

A

Surface pyoderma

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8
Q

Surface pyoderma that affects face folds

A

Intertrigo

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9
Q

Pathogens more often involved in superficial pyoderma

A

Staphylococcus

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10
Q

Presentation of superficial pyoderma

A

Papules
Pustules
(Epidermal collarettes)
(Patchy alopecia in short coat dogs)

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11
Q

Parts of a diff quik stain

A

Fixative
Eosinophilic
Basophilic

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12
Q

When to use impression smear

A

Moist lesions on flat skin

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13
Q

Which part of diff quik stain shouldn’t be used on ear wax?

A

Fixative

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14
Q

Lesions suitable for acetate tape strip

A

Skin folds, between toes, lip folds
‘Dry’ lesions

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15
Q

How do you stain acetate tape strip?

A

Diff quik but not fixative

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16
Q

How do you get a cytology sample for a pustule?

A

Lance and do impression smear

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17
Q

Which type(s) of pyoderma should you use topical therapy for?

A

Surface and superficial

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18
Q

Which type(s) of pyoderma should you use systemic therapy for?

A

Deep

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19
Q

Systemic therapy options for infectious skin disease

A

Anti-inflammatory/anti-pruritic
Antibiotics/antifungals
Supplement with omega oils (skin barrier)
Microbiome probiotics?

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20
Q

Topical therapies available for skin disease

A

Glucocorticoids/immune modulating
Antibiotics/antifungals
Antiseptics
Topical skin barrier support (ophytrium, ceramides, fatty acids/omega oils)
Topical probiotics?

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21
Q

Type I hypersensitivity

A

Cross linking of IgE molecules on mast cell wall surface by allergen = degranulation and tissue inflammation

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22
Q

Canine atopic dermatitis

A

Environmental/food induced
Common chronic, relapsing, pruritic and inflammatory skin syndrome
Type I hypersensitivity/IgE antibodies

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23
Q

Cutaneous reaction patterns of cats

A

Face, head and neck pruritis
Self induced alopecia
Miliary dermatitis
Eosinophilic granuloma complex (granulomas/ulcers/plaques)

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24
Q

What are the main three allergic conditions in cats

A

FASS (feline atopic skin syndrome)
FFA (feline food allergy)
FAD (flea allergic dermatitis)

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25
Systematic approach to cat skin condition
26
Contact irritant dermatitis
Often >1 animal Nature of substance, not hypersensitivity
27
Contact hypersensitivity
Type IV reaction Affects isolated individual Lesion in area of contact, particularly sparsely haired region Patch test?
28
What hypersensitivity causes vasculitis in a vaccine reaction?
Type III
29
Drug reaction
Can manifest as almost any type of cutaneous lesion or reaction pattern Any type of hypersensitivity Variable pruritis Most commonly antibiotics (potentiated sulphonamides)
30
Eosinophilic folliculitis/furunculosis
Reaction to presumed arthropod bite Acute onset, highly pruritic
31
Established allergy tests (CAD)
Allergen specific IgE serology testing Intradermal testing
32
Elimination diet options
Hydrolysed (common protein, convenient, expensive, may still react, use soy not chicken) Limited antigen (novel protein and carbohydrate, convenient, cheaper) Home cooked (cheaper?, know ingredients?, client compliance poor, not nutritionally balanced)
33
Why would you do IgE serology in CAD work up?
Select environmental allergens for allergen-specific immunotherapy
34
Treatment options for CAD
Glucocorticoids (effective, cheap, anti-pruritic and anti-inflammatory, topical or oral) Oclacitinib (anti-pruritic, dogs only, oral) Lokivetmab (block IL-31 = anti-pruritic, dogs only, SC, any age/kidney/liver, can combine with other therapies) Ciclosporin (anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic, dogs and cats, expensive, oral, T-cell suppressor so don't use 2w before/after vaccs. or in cats with FeLV/FIV/toxoplasmosis, slow onset)
35
Hypothyroidism
Depressed/heat seeking Epidermis thin, dermis thicker (myxoedema) Non-pruritic unless secondary bacterial pyoderma/Malassezia Treatment: thyroid supplementation
36
Hyperadrenocorticism
Normal demeanor, older dogs Dilute urine (SG<1.015) Epidermis thin, dermis thin (see vessels/bruising due to reduced collagen) Rarely pruritic Calcinosis cutis/marked skin elasticity Treatment: Trilostane
37
Hyperoestrogenism
Uncommon Bilateral symmetrical alopecia, trunk/ventrum/caudal thighs/neck Hyperpigmentation Sexually attractive to males Severe anaemia/pancytopaenia Epidermis thin Linear preputial oedema Treatment: castration
38
Cyclic flank alopecia
Common Bilateral symmetrical alopecia, truncal/clear borders, improves in summer Biopsy useful Treatment: melatonin supplementation 2-3m
39
Alopecia X
Rare Bilaterally symmetrical alopecia Disease of elimination (17-OH progesterone/biopsy highly suggestive) Treatment: castration? Melatonin? Purely cosmetic
40
Inflammatory causes of alopecia
Infectious agents (bacterial folliculitis, dermatophytosis) Parasitic (demodicosis, leishmaniasis) Immune mediated (alopecia areata, dermatomyositis, sebaceous adenitis)
41
Likely diagnosis
Bacterial folliculitis (Short coat pyoderma and neutrophils with intracellular bacteria)
42
Most common species causes dermatophytosis/ringworm
Microsporum canis
43
Which dermatophytosis species can resemble deep pyoderma clinically?
Trichophyton species
44
Diagnosis of dermatophytosis
Wood's lamp Trichography (arthrospores/'soap bubbles' surround hair shaft/hyphae within hair) Dermatophyte test medium in house External lab fungal culture +/- PCR (gold standard, coat brush/Mackenzie technique) Biopsy (spores)
45
Treatment of dermatophytosis
Topical: miconazole shampoo 2-3 times a week Environmental: isolate, sodium hypochlorite 1:10 (bleach) Systemic: itraconazole
46
Meaning of a colour change in fungal culture
Positive
47
What is the parasite?
Demodex mite (D. canis/injai/catai, short bodied D. gatoi in cat) Skin commensal (juveile/immune suppression) Localised to generalised alopecia Follicular casting/comedones/greasy +/- bacterial infection Skin scrape/hair pluck Treatment: flurolaner/afoxolaner until 2-3 negative skin scrapes (Q4w)
48
Immune mediated alopecia
Sebaceous adenitis (truncal hair, poodle) Dermatomyositis (face/bony prominences, collies) Alopecia areata (regrowth of white hair, trichogram: ! mark hairs)
49
Hair growth phases
Anagen (growth) Catagen (transition) Teolgen (resting/falls out)
50
Hair synthesis defects
Pattern alopecia (Dashchund) 'Bald thigh syndrome' (Sighthounds) Follicular dysplasia (wear points, water spaniel/dog) Black hair follicle dysplasia (black hairs dull/lost) Colour dilution alopecia (blue/fawn coats) Anagen defluxation/effluvium (no whiskers, chemo/severe illness)
51
Most common cause of crusting in the dog
Superficial pyoderma
52
Diseases presenting primarily as crusting
Pemphigus foliaceus (pustules, seen as crusting) Canine juvenile sterile granulomatous dermatitis and lymphadenitis ('puppy strangles') Squamous cell carcinoma/solar dermatitis Feline acne Calcinosis cutis Superficial necrolytic dermatitis Facial dermatitis of Persians
53
What is feline acne often secondary to?
Dermatophytosis Demodicosis Malassezia Pyoderma Furunculosis
54
Calcinosis cutis
Calcium deposition in skin
55
Treatment of facial dermatitis in Persians
Ciclosporin +/- prednisolone (Anti yeast therapy as usually also have Malassezia)
56
Superficial necrolytic dermatitis ('hepatocutaneous syndrome')
Hyperkeratosis of foot pads/crusting Keratinocyte death due to end-stage liver disease/pancreatic atrophy/glucagonomas Histopathology, US abdomen, liver biopsy Dietary supplementation/treat secondary infections Poor prognosis
57
Treatment of pemphigus foliaceous
Immunosuppressive systemic glucocorticoids +/- topical, titrated
58
Sterile granulomatous condition affecting face, pinnae, ears and submandibular lymph nodes of puppy
Juvenile sterile granulomatous dermatitis (Pyogranulomatous and sterile inflammation, confirm with biopsy, treatment: immunosuppressive prednisolone +/- ciclosporin and topical washes, can scar so treat quickly)
59
Ectoparasite causing dorsal scale that is zoonotic
Cheyletiellosis
60
Flea control active in environment and on adult fleas
Imadocloprid and selamectin
61
Zn-responsive dermatosis
Type I: genetic, husky Type II: nutritional restriction in rapidly growing dog Crusted hyperkeratosis on side of face/hocks Supplement zinc
62
Ichthyosis of the Golden Retriever
Scale/secondary otitis Genetic (abnormal cleavage of corneodesmosome) Symptomatic treatment
63
Canine ear margin seborrhoea
Relatively uncommon, Dachshunds/hypothyroidism Adherent keratin on medial a lateral sides of pinna, follicular casts, secondary infection, fissures Edge resection biopsy Treatment: incurable, anti-seborrhoeic shampoo, moisturisers, fissures treated with steroids/surgery
64
Nasodigital hyperkeratosis Cut off, hydrate keratin, essential fatty acids
65
Nasal parakeratosis of Labrador retrievers Do not breed Topical vitamin E, petroleum jelly and retinoids
66
Footpad hyperkeratosis of Dogue de Bordeaux Biopsy/genetic tes 50% propylene glycol soaks, retinoids
67
Common complication of callus
Deep pyoderma
68
Idiopathic sebaceous adenitis
Dry scale, hair loss Biopsy: absent sebaceous glands Treatment: lubricating shampoo, fatty acid/oil supplementation, ciclosporin
69
Topical agents for scaling conditions
Sulphur (keratoplastic/lytic, antibacterial/fungal) Salicylic acid (keratolytic, synergistic with sulphur) Selenium sulphide (keratoplastic/lytic) Moiturisers (zinc-gluconate, d-panthemol, lipsomes, glycerin, propylene glycol, urea, vaseline)
70
Infection in facial fold dermatitis (intertrigo)?
Surface pyoderma
71
Treatment for CAD that is a calcineurin inhibitor which reduces release of inflammatory mediators
Ciclosporin
72
Lesion that presents with pruritis
Epidermal collarettes
73
Most effective treatment for canine demodicosis
Amitraz washes every 5-7 days (The only canine skin mite for which selamectin is ineffective)
74
Best flea adulticide for dog with FAD bathed 3 times weekly in mionazole/chlorhexidine shampoo
Spinosad

Small Animal (Poppy) (20 decks)

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