Dermatology Flashcards

Question

What is the presentation of a melenoma?

Answer 1

1. A – asymmetrical shape 2. B – boarder irregularity 3. C – colour irregularity 4. D- diameter \>5cm 5. E – evolution/change of lesion SYMPTOMS e.g. bleeding, itching

Answer 2

Excision biopsy

Answer 3

1. Arterial disease (atherosclerosis) 2. Smoking 3. Cholesterol 4. DM

Answer 4

1. Pain, worse when legs elevated 2. Cold skin 3. Absent peripheral pulses 4. Shiny pale skin 5. Loss of hair **_Ulcer_** 1. Small 2. Sharply defined 3. Necrotic base

Answer 5

1. ABPI \< 0.8 suggests arterial insufficiency 2. Doppler studies

Answer 6

1. Symptomatic treatment - rest and warmth 2. Vascular reconstruction or angioplasty

Answer 7

1. Varicose veins 2. DVT

Answer 8

1. Pain (minimal) 2. Warm skin 3. Normal peripheral pulses, leg oedema, haemosiderin, lipodermatoosclerosis 4. Large, shallow, irregular, exudative

Answer 9

ABPI normal (\>0.8 – 1)

Answer 10

1. Compression bandaging 2. Oral pentoxifylline, a peripheral vasodilator

Answer 11

DM Neurological disease

Answer 12

Often painless Found at pressure sites (e.g. heel or toes) Warm skin and normal peripheral pulses Associated peripheral neuropathy Variable size, maybe surrounded by callus

Answer 13

1. Appropriate foot wear 2. Control DM 3. Podiatary

Answer 14

Bacterial infection of the deep subcutaneous tissue

Answer 15

S. pyogenes, S. aureus

Answer 16

1. Immunosuppression 2. Wounds 3. Leg ulcers 4. Trauma 5. Athletes foot

Answer 17

1. Commonly occurs on the shins 2. Erythema, pain, swelling 3. There may be some associated systemic upset such as fever

Answer 18

1. Fluclox or benpen - FIRST LINE 2. Clarithromycin if allergic 3. Erythromycin if pregnant

Answer 19

Bacterial infection of the deep fascia + tissue necrosis

Answer 20

Type 1 - pseudomonas, haemolytic staph Type 2 - Group A haemolytic strep Type 3 - gram negative Type 4 - fungal infection

Answer 21

1. Skin factors: recent trauma, burns or soft tissue infection 2. Diabebtes Mellitus 3. IVDU 4. Immunosuppresion

Answer 22

**Symptoms** 1. Severe pain out of proportion 2. Fever 3. Necrotic skin 4. Systemically unwell **Signs** 1. Soft tissue gas seen on Xray

Answer 23

1. Surgical debridement 2. IV Abx - benzylpenicillin, flucloxacillin

Answer 24

Common, benign tumour of adipocytes

Answer 25

1. Smooth 2. Mobile 3. Painless

Answer 26

1. Ultrasound if mass is \>5cm

Answer 27

1. Size \>5cm 2. Increasing size 3. Pain 4. Deep anatomical location

Answer 28

Inflammation of subcutaneous fat

Answer 29

1. Typically causes tender, erythematous, nodular lesions 2. Usually occurs over shins, may also occur elsewhere (e.g. forearms, thighs) 3. Usually resolves within 6 weeks 4. Lesions heal without scarring

Answer 30

1. **Infection** * streptococci * tuberculosis * brucellosis 2. **Systemic disease** * sarcoidosis * inflammatory bowel disease * Behcet's 3. **Malignancy/lymphoma** 4. **Drugs** * penicillins * sulphonamides * combined oral contraceptive pill 5. **Pregnancy**

Answer 31

1. Chest x-ray * Exclude sarcoidosis and TB

Answer 32

Strawberry naevi (capillary haemangioma) are usually not present at birth but may develop rapidly in the first month of life. They appear as erythematous, raised and multilobed tumours.

Answer 33

1. Normally nothing and will disappear in the first few months of life 2. If treatment is required (e.g. Visual field obstruction) then **propranolol** is increasingly replacing systemic steroids as the treatment of choice. 3. Topical beta-blockers such as **timolol** are also sometimes used.

Answer 34

1. It usually presents within the first pregnancy. 2. It appears as an itchy, bumpy rash that starts in the stretch marks of the abdomen in the last 3 months of pregnancy then clears with delivery.

Answer 35

Periumbilical region

Answer 36

1. Shingles (herpes zoster infection) is an acute, unilateral, painful blistering rash caused by reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). 2. Following primary infection with VZV (chickenpox), the virus lies dormant in the dorsal root or cranial nerve ganglia.

Answer 37

1. Increasing age 2. HIV: strong risk factor, 15 times more common 3. Other immunosuppressive conditions (e.g. steroids, chemotherapy)

Answer 38

1. **Prodromal period** * burning pain over the affected dermatome for 2-3 days * pain may be severe and interfere with sleep * around 20% of patients will experience fever, headache, lethargy 2. **Rash** * initially erythematous, macular rash over the affected dermatome * quickly becomes vesicular * characteristically is well demarcated by the dermatome and does not cross the midline. However, some 'bleeding' into adjacent areas may be seen

Answer 39

1. Remind patients they are potentially infectious 2. may need to avoid pregnant women and the immunosuppressed 3. Should be advised that they are infectious until the vesicles have crusted over, usually 5-7 days following onset 4. Covering lesions reduces the risk 5. Analgesia * Paracetamol and NSAIDs are first-line * If not responding then use of neuropathic agents (e.g. amitriptyline) can be considered * Oral corticosteroids may be considered in the first 2 weeks in immunocompetent adults with localized shingles if the pain is severe and not responding to the above treatments 6. **Antivirals** * NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries makes recommendations on when to use antivirals * In practice, they recommend antivirals within 72 hours for the majority of patients, unless the patient is \< 50 years and has a 'mild' truncal rash associated with mild pain and no underlying risk factors * One of the benefits of prescribing antivirals is a reduced incidence of post-herpetic neuralgia, particularly in older people * Aciclovir, famciclovir, or valaciclovir are recommended

Answer 40

1. **Post-herpetic neuralgia** * The most common complications * More common in older patients * Affects between 5%-30% of patients depending on age * Most commonly resolves with 6 months but may last longer 2. **Herpes zoster ophthalmicus** (shingles affecting affecting the ocular division of the trigeminal nerve) is associated with a variety of ocular complications 3. **Herpes zoster oticus** (Ramsay Hunt syndrome): may result in ear lesions and facial paralysis

Answer 41

Hirsutism is often used to describe androgen-dependent hair growth in women, with hypertrichosis being used for androgen-independent hair growth

Answer 42

1. **Polycystic ovarian syndrome** is the most common causes of hirsutism. Other causes include: 1. Cushing's syndrome 2. congenital adrenal hyperplasia 3. androgen therapy 4. obesity: thought to be due to insulin resistance 5. adrenal tumour 6. androgen secreting ovarian tumour 7. drugs: phenytoin, corticosteroids

Answer 43

1. Advise **weight loss** if overweight 2. Cosmetic techniques such as waxing/bleaching - not available on the NHS 3. Consider using combined **oral contraceptive pills** such as co-cyprindiol (Dianette) or ethinylestradiol and drospirenone (Yasmin). * Co-cyprindiol should not be used long-term due to the increased risk of venous thromboembolism 4. **Facial hirsutism** * **Topical eflornithine** - contraindicated in pregnancy and breast-feeding

Answer 44

Lichen sclerosus was previously termed lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. It is an inflammatory condition that usually affects the genitalia and is more common in elderly females. Lichen sclerosus leads to atrophy of the epidermis with white plaques forming

Answer 45

1. White patches that may scar 2. Itch is prominent 3. May result in pain during intercourse or urination

Answer 46

1. The diagnosis is usually made on clinical grounds but a biopsy may be performed if atypical features are present

Answer 47

1. Topical steroids and emollients

Answer 48

1. Increased risk of vulval cancer

Answer 49

Lichen planus is typically raised purple-red discoloured areas, however, rather than white plaques

Answer 50

1. itchy, papular rash most common on the palms, soles, genitalia and flexor surfaces of arms 2. rash often polygonal in shape, with a 'white-lines' pattern on the surface (Wickham's striae) 3. Koebner phenomenon may be seen (new skin lesions appearing at the site of trauma) 4. oral involvement in around 50% of patients: typically a white-lace pattern on the buccal mucosa 5. nails: thinning of nail plate, longitudinal ridging

Answer 51

1. potent topical steroids are the mainstay of treatment 2. benzydamine mouthwash or spray is recommended for oral lichen planus 3. extensive lichen planus may require oral steroids or immunosuppression

Answer 52

1. Dermatofibromas (also known as histiocytomas) are common benign fibrous skin lesions. 2. They are caused by the abnormal growth of dermal dendritic histiocyte cells, often following a precipitating injury. 3. Common areas include the arms and legs.

Answer 53

1. Solitary firm papule or nodule, typically on a limb 2. Typically around 5-10mm in size 3. Overlying skin dimples on pinching the lesion

Answer 54

Solitary firm papule/nodule that dimples on pinching → dermatofibroma

Answer 55

Pyoderma gangrenosum is a rare, non-infectious, inflammatory disorder. It is an uncommon cause of very painful skin ulceration. It may affect any part of the skin, but the lower legs are the most common site.

Answer 56

1. pyoderma gangrenosum is classified as a neutrophilic dermatosis 2. neutrophilic dermatoses are skin conditions characterised by dense infiltration of neutrophils in the affected tissue and this is often seen on biopsy

Answer 57

1. diopathic in 50% 2. inflammatory bowel disease in 10-15% * ulcerative colitis * Crohn's 3. rheumatological * rheumatoid arthritis * SLE 4. haematological * myeloproliferative disorders * lymphoma * myeloid leukaemias * monoclonal gammopathy (IgA) 5. granulomatosis with polyangiitis 6. primary biliary cirrhosis

Answer 58

1. location * typically on the lower limb * soften at the site of a minor injury as in this patient's case and this is known as pathergy 2. initially features: * usually starts quite suddenly * small pustule, red bump or blood-blister 3. later features: * the skin then breaks down resulting in an ulcer which is often painful * the edge of the ulcer is often described as purple, violaceous and undermined. * the ulcer itself may be deep and necrotic 4. may be accompanied by systemic symptoms * fever * myalgia

Answer 59

1. often made by the characteristic appearance, associations with other diseases, the presence of pathergy, histology results and when other diseases have been ruled out 2. histology is not specific and can vary depending on the time and site of the specimen but may be helpful in ruling out other causes of an ulcer.

Answer 60

1. the potential for rapid progression is high in most patients and most doctors advocate oral steroids as first-line treatment 2. other immunosuppressive therapy, for example, ciclosporin and infliximab, have a role in difficult cases 3. any surgery should be postponed until the disease process is controlled on immunosuppression to risk worsening of the disease (pathergy)

Answer 61

Erythema multiforme is a hypersensitivity reaction that is most commonly triggered by infections. It may be divided into minor and major forms.

Answer 62

1. Target lesions 2. Initially seen on the back of the hands / feet before spreading to the torso 3. Upper limbs are more commonly affected than the lower limbs 4. Pruritus is occasionally seen and is usually mild

Answer 63

Guttate psoriasis is more common in children and adolescents. It may be precipitated by a streptococcal infection 2-4 weeks prior to the lesions appearing.

Answer 64

1. Tear drop papules on the trunk and limbs 2. **Gutta is Latin for drop** 3. pink, scaly patches or plques of psoriasis 4. tends to be acute onset over days

Answer 65

Describes symmetrical, brown, velvety plaques that are often found on the neck, axilla and groin.

Answer 66

1. type 2 diabetes mellitus 2. gastrointestinal cancer 3. obesity 4. polycystic ovarian syndrome 5. acromegaly 6. Cushing's disease 7. hypothyroidism 8. familial 9. Prader-Willi syndrome 10. drugs * combined oral contraceptive pill * nicotinic acid

Answer 67

insulin resistance → hyperinsulinemia → stimulation of keratinocytes and dermal fibroblast proliferation via interaction with insulin-like growth factor receptor-1 (IGFR1)

Answer 68

1. Overgrowth of blood vessels. 2. Red nodules. 3. Usually follow trauma. 4. May mimic amelanotic melanoma 5. Bleed easily

Answer 69

1. Keratoacanthomas may reach a considerable size prior to sloughing off and scarring 2. Rapid growing

Answer 70

Actinic, or solar, keratoses (AK) is a common premalignant skin lesion that develops as a consequence of chronic sun exposure

Answer 71

1. small, crusty or scaly, lesions 2. may be pink, red, brown or the same colour as the skin 3. typically on sun-exposed areas e.g. temples of head 4. multiple lesions may be present

Answer 72

1. prevention of further risk: e.g. sun avoidance, sun cream 2. fluorouracil cream: typically a 2 to 3 week course. The skin will become red and inflamed - sometimes topical hydrocortisone is given following fluorouracil to help settle the inflammation 3. topical diclofenac: may be used for mild AKs. Moderate efficacy but much fewer side-effects 4. topical imiquimod: trials have shown good efficacy 5. cryotherapy 6. curettage and cautery

Answer 73

Seborrhoeic keratoses are benign epidermal skin lesions seen in older people

Answer 74

1. large variation in colour from flesh to light-brown to black 2. have a 'stuck-on' appearance 3. keratotic plugs may be seen on the surface

Answer 75

Seborrhoeic dermatitis in adults is a chronic dermatitis thought to be caused by an inflammatory reaction related to a proliferation of a normal skin inhabitant, a fungus called Malassezia furfur (formerly known as Pityrosporum ovale).

Answer 76

1. eczematous lesions on the sebum-rich areas: scalp (may cause dandruff), periorbital, auricular and nasolabial folds 2. otitis externa and blepharitis may develop

Answer 77

2nd degree and above

Answer 78

1. Erythema ab igne is a skin disorder caused by over exposure to infrared radiation. 2. Characteristic features include reticulated, erythematous patches with hyperpigmentation and telangiectasia. 3. A typical history would be an elderly women who always sits next to an open fire.

Answer 79

1. Onychomycosis is fungal infection of the nails. This may be caused by 2. dermatophytes - mainly Trichophyton rubrum, accounts for 90% of cases 3. yeasts - such as Candida 4. non-dermatophyte moulds

Answer 80

1. 'unsightly' nails are a common reason for presentation 2. thickened, rough, opaque nails are the most common finding

Answer 81

1. nail clippings 2. scrapings of the affected nail 3. the false-negative rate for cultures are around 30%, so repeat samples may need to be sent if the clinical suspicion is high

Answer 82

1. Do not need to be treated if it is asymptomatic and the patient is not bothered by the appearance 2. Diagnosis should be confirmed by microbiology before starting treatment 3. **Dermatophyte infection:** * **Oral terbinafine** is currently recommended first-line with **oral** **itraconazole** as an alternative * 6 weeks - 3 months therapy is needed for fingernail infections whilst toenails should be treated for 3 - 6 months * treatment is successful in around 50-80% of people 4. **Candida infection:** * Mild disease should be treated with topical antifungals (e.g. Amorolfine) whilst more severe infections should be treated with oral itraconazole for a period of 12 weeks 5. If topical topical treatment is given treatment should be continued for 6 months for fingernails and 9-12 months for toenails

Answer 83

Rosacea (sometimes referred to as acne rosacea) is a chronic skin disease of unknown aetiology.

Answer 84

1. typically affects nose, cheeks and forehead 2. flushing is often first symptom 3. telangiectasia are common 4. later develops into persistent erythema with papules and pustules 5. rhinophyma 6. ocular involvement: blepharitis 7. sunlight may exacerbate symptoms/

Answer 85

1. **Topical metronidazole** may be used for mild symptoms (i.e. Limited number of papules and pustules, no plaques) 2. **Topical brimonidine** gel may be considered for patients with predominant flushing but limited telangiectasia 3. More severe disease is treated with systemic antibiotics e.g. Oxytetracycline 4. recommend daily application of a high-factor sunscreen 5. camouflage creams may help conceal redness 6. laser therapy may be appropriate for patients with prominent telangiectasia 7. patients with a rhinophyma should be referred to dermatology

Answer 86

Pityriasis versicolor, also called tinea versicolor, is a superficial cutaneous fungal infection caused by Malassezia furfur (formerly termed Pityrosporum ovale)

Answer 87

1. most commonly affects trunk 2. patches may be hypopigmented, pink or brown (hence versicolor). May be more noticeable following a suntan 3. scale is common 4. mild pruritus

Answer 88

1. **Topical antifungal.** NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries advise **ketoconazole shampoo** as this is more cost effective for large areas 2. If failure to respond to topical treatment then consider alternative diagnoses (e.g. send scrapings to confirm the diagnosis) + **oral itraconazole**

Answer 89

Impetigo is a superficial bacterial skin infection usually caused by either Staphylcoccus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes. It can be a primary infection or a complication of an existing skin condition such as eczema (in this case), scabies or insect bites. Impetigo is common in children, particularly during warm weather.

Answer 90

1. 'Golden', crusted skin lesions typically found around the mouth 2. Very contagious

Answer 91

1. **Limited, localised disease** 2. NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries now recommend **hydrogen peroxide 1% cream** for 'people who are not systemically unwell or at a high risk of complications' * the change was announced in 2020 by NICE and Public Health England and seems aimed at cutting antibiotic resistance * the evidence base shows it is just as effective at treating non‑bullous impetigo as a topical antibiotic 3. **topical antibiotic creams:** * topical fusidic acid * topical mupirocin should be used if fusidic acid resistance is suspected * MRSA is not susceptible to either fusidic acid or retapamulin. Topical mupirocin should, therefore, be used in this situation 4. **Extensive disease** * oral flucloxacillin * oral erythromycin if penicillin-allergic 5. **School exclusion** * children should be excluded from school until the lesions are crusted and healed or 48 hours after commencing antibiotic treatment

Answer 92

1. Tinea is a term given to dermatophyte fungal infections. Three main types of infection are described depending on what part of the body is infected 2. tinea capitis - scalp 3. tinea corporis - trunk, legs or arms 4. tinea pedis - feet

Answer 93

1. Tinea capitis (scalp ringworm) * Topical **ketoconazole** shampoo should be given for the first two weeks to reduce transmission 2. Tinea corporis (ringworm) * May be treated with oral f**luconazole** 3. Tinea pedis * **Topical imidazole**, undecenoate or terbinafine

Answer 94

1. Scabies is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei and is spread by prolonged skin contact. It typically affects children and young adults. 2. The scabies mite burrows into the skin, laying its eggs in the stratum corneum. The intense pruritus associated with scabies is due to a delayed-type IV hypersensitivityreaction to mites/eggs which occurs about 30 days after the initial infection.

Answer 95

1. widespread pruritus 2. linear burrows on the side of fingers, interdigital webs and flexor aspects of the wrist 3. in infants, the face and scalp may also be affected 4. secondary features are seen due to scratching: excoriation, infection

Answer 96

1. **Permethrin 5% is first-line** 2. Malathion 0.5% is second-line 3. give appropriate guidance on use (see below) 4. pruritus persists for up to 4-6 weeks post eradication 5. TWO DOSES ARE REQUIRED 1 WEEK APART

Answer 97

1. avoid close physical contact with others until treatment is complete 2. all household and close physical contacts should be treated at the same time, even if asymptomatic 3. launder, iron or tumble dry clothing, bedding, towels, etc., on the first day of treatment to kill off mites.

Answer 98

1. shiny, painless areas of yellow/red skin typically on the shin of diabetics 2. often associated with telangiectasia

Answer 99

1. Pityriasis rosea describes an acute, self-limiting rash which tends to affect young adults. 2. The aetiology is not fully understood but is thought that herpes hominis virus 7 (HHV-7) may play a role.

Answer 100

1. in the majority of patients there is no prodrome, but a minority may give a history of a recent viral infection 2. herald patch (usually on trunk) 3. followed by erythematous, oval, scaly patches which follow a characteristic distribution with the longitudinal diameters of the oval lesions running parallel to the line of Langer. This may produce a 'fir-tree' appearance

Answer 101

1. self-limiting - usually disappears after 6-12 weeks

Answer 102

Erythrasma is a generally asymptomatic, flat, slightly scaly, pink or brown rash usually found in the groin or axillae. It is caused by an overgrowth of the diphtheroid Corynebacterium minutissimum

Answer 103

1. Topical **miconazole** or antibacterial are usually effective. 2. Oral **erythromycin** may be used for more extensive infection

Answer 104

1. Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a potentially life-threatening skin disorder that is most commonly seen secondary to a drug reaction. 2. In this condition, the skin develops a scalded appearance over an extensive area. 3. Some authors consider TEN to be the severe end of a spectrum of skin disorders which includes erythema multiforme and Stevens-Johnson syndrome,

Answer 105

1. systemically unwell e.g. pyrexia, tachycardic 2. positive Nikolsky's sign: the epidermis separates with mild lateral pressure

Answer 106

1. phenytoin 2. sulphonamides 3. allopurinol 4. penicillins 5. carbamazepine 6. NSAIDs

Answer 107

1. stop precipitating factor 2. supportive care 3. often in an intensive care unit 4. volume loss and electrolyte derangement are potential complications 5. intravenous immunoglobulin has been shown to be effective and is now commonly used first-line 6. other treatment options include: immunosuppressive agents (ciclosporin and cyclophosphamide), plasmapheresis

Answer 108

Erysipelas is localised skin infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. In simple terms, it is a more superficial, limited version of cellulitis. The treatment of choice is flucloxacillin.

Answer 109

1. Eczema herpeticum describes a severe primary infection of the skin by herpes simplex virus 1 or 2. 2. It is more commonly seen in children with atopic eczema and often presents as a rapidly progressing painful rash.

Answer 110

1. On examination, monomorphic punched-out erosions (circular, depressed, ulcerated lesions) usually 1–3 mm in diameter are typically seen. 2. As it is potentially life-threatening children should be admitted for IV aciclovir.

Answer 111

Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune condition causing sub-epidermal blistering of the skin. This is secondary to the development of antibodies against hemidesmosomal proteins BP180 and BP230.

Answer 112

1. itchy, tense blisters typically around flexures 2. the blisters usually heal without scarring 3. there is usually no mucosal involvement (i.e. the mouth is spared)\*

Answer 113

1. High-dose steroids

Answer 114

1. Keloid scars are tumour-like lesions that arise from the connective tissue of a scar and extend beyond the dimensions of the original wound 2. Commonly on sternum

Answer 115

Vitiligo is an autoimmune condition which results in the loss of melanocytes and consequent depigmentation of the skin. It is thought to affect around 1% of the population and symptoms typically develop by the age of 20-30 years.

Answer 116

1. well-demarcated patches of depigmented skin 2. the peripheries tend to be most affected 3. trauma may precipitate new lesions (Koebner phenomenon)

Answer 117

1. type 1 diabetes mellitus 2. Addison's disease 3. autoimmune thyroid disorders 4. pernicious anaemia 5. alopecia areata

Answer 118

1. sunblock for affected areas of skin 2. camouflage make-up 3. topical corticosteroids may reverse the changes if applied early 4. there may also be a role for topical tacrolimus and phototherapy, although caution needs to be exercised with light-skinned patients

Answer 119

Salmon patches are a kind of vascular birthmark which can be seen in around half of newborn babies they are also known as stork marks or stork bites. They are pink and blotchy, and commonly found on the forehead, eyelids and nape of the neck. They usually fade over a few months, though marks on the neck may persist.

Answer 120

1. Port wine stains are vascular birthmarks that tend to be unilateral. They are deep red or purple in colour. 2. Unlike other vascular birthmarks such as salmon patches and strawberry haemangiomas, they do not spontaneously resolve, and in fact often darken and become raised over time. 3. Treatment is with cosmetic camouflage or laser therapy (multiple sessions are required).

Answer 121

1. Molluscum contagiosum is a common skin infection caused by molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV), a member of the Poxviridae family. 2. Transmission occurs directly by close personal contact, or indirectly via fomites (contaminated surfaces) such as shared towels and flannels. 3. The majority of cases occur in children (often in children with atopic eczema), with the maximum incidence in preschool children aged 1-4 years.

Answer 122

Cherry haemangiomas (Campbell de Morgan spots) are benign skin lesions which contain an abnormal proliferation of capillaries. They are more common with advancing age and affect men and women equally.

Answer 123

1. erythematous, papular lesions 2. typically 1-3 mm in size 3. non-blanching 4. not found on the mucous membranes

Answer 124

1. Bowen's disease is a type of precancerous dermatosis that is a precursor to squamous cell carcinoma. 2. It is more common in elderly patients. 3. There is around a 5-10% chance of developing invasive skin cancer if left untreated.

Answer 125

Pompholyx eczema may be precipitated by humidity (e.g. sweating) and high temperatures

Answer 126

1. Atopic dermatitis often presents early on in childhood, with an atopic background. 2. Atopic dermatitis affects the flexural areas, and in children can be found on the scalp and on the face. 3. Often the genital area is spared as nappies allow the skin to retain moisture.

Dermatology Flashcards

(153 cards)