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Second Year > Dermatology - anatomy and structure and function > Flashcards

Dermatology - anatomy and structure and function Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of fascia and describe them

A

Superficial - subcut - connective tissue and fat

Deep - Tough - dense connective

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2
Q

What is the arterial blood supply of the hand?

A

Deep and superficial palmar arches

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3
Q

What part of the venous drainage system accompanies the brachial artery?

A

Venae Comitantes

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4
Q

What vein connects the cephalic vein and the basilica vein?

A

Median Cubital vein

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5
Q

What is medial and what is lateral out of the cephalic vein and the basilic vein

A

Cephalic - lateral

Basilic - medial

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6
Q

Where is the adductor hiatus?

A

Between the adductor magnus and the femur

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the adductor hiatus?

A

To allow the passage of vessels from the anterior thigh to the posterior thigh

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8
Q

Where is the arcuate artery found?

A

The dorsum of the foot - but its also in the KIDNEY!

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9
Q

Tell me about the Great saphenous vein

A

Superficial venous drainage

From the dorsal venous arch, in front of the medial malleolus and drains into the femoral vein

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10
Q

Tell me about the small saphenous vein

A

Superficial venous drainage
Dorsal venous arch behind the medial malleolus
Drains into popliteal vein

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11
Q

What are digital arteries

A

End arteries

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12
Q

Why would you not use adrenaline containing local anaesthetic near end arteries?

A

Can constrict blood flow and reduce the blood supply

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13
Q

What two mechanisms can cause ischaemia?

A

Reduced arterial perfusion

Increased venous drainage pressure

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14
Q

What is skin ulceration?

A

Superficial microcirculatory deficiencies

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15
Q

Where is the most common site for ulceration?

A

The gaiter area, the medial aspect of the distal leg

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16
Q

What is the epidermis made from?

A

Stratified cellular epithelium

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17
Q

Ectoderm layers form a single layer of the ???

A

Periderm

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18
Q

What are the layers of epithelium

A

Keratin, granular, prickle, basal or Come, Let’s Get Sun Burned

stratum Corneum
stratum Lucidum
stratum Granulosum
stratum Spinosum
stratum Basale.
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19
Q

How long does it take keratinocytes to move to the basement membrane

A

28 days

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20
Q

How thick is the basal layer

A

1 cell

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21
Q

What shape are prickle cells

A

Polyhedral

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22
Q

How thick is the granular layer

A

2-3 layers of keratohyalin granules, odland bodies and high lipid content

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23
Q

What do keratohylain granules contain?

A

Structural filaggrin and involucrin proteins

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24
Q

HPV infection of the keratinocytes causes what?

A

Warts

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25
Tell me about Merkel cells
Oval receptor cells, found in the skin of vertebrates that have synaptic contacts with somatosensory afferents
26
What is the dermis formed from
Mesoderm
27
What does the dermis contain
Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, collagen and elastin
28
Where do melanocytes originate from?
The neural crest (these arise from the embryonic ectoderm layer)
29
What do melanosomes do?
Convert tyrosine to melanin pigment
30
What do melanin caps do?
Protect the nuclear DNA in basal cells
31
What are inside melanocytes?
Melanosomes, golgi, nucleus, ER and mitochondrion
32
What is vitiligo
Autoimmune disease with loss of melanocytes
33
Tell me about Eumelanin
Brown to black
34
Tell me about phaeomelanin
Red, yellow
35
Where are prickle cells found
lymph nodes
36
What is the racket organelle
Birbeck granule
37
Merkel cells are found where
in the basal cells
38
What is merkel cell carcinoma caused by
Merkel cell polyomavirus - found frequently on the skin
39
Where are the ocular mucosal membranes found?
Lacrimal glands, eye lashes, sebaceous glands
40
Why is the inside of the mouth red?
Because the epidermis is translucent and you are looking at the dermal vascular plexus. Anywhere white in the mouth shows the epidermis is thickened
41
When does gastrulation take place and what is it?
Organisation into germ layers, days 7-10
42
What is the arrector pili attached to?
Hair
43
Apocrine glands are found where?
Axillae, nipples, ear canal, eyelids and genitalia
44
What are blaschko lines?
Developmental growth patterns of the skin, normally invisible but visible when diseased
45
What are the functions of the skin
Barrier function, metabolism (vitamin D, thyroid hormone), thermoregulation, immune defence, communication, sensory functions
46
What is erythroderma?
Exfoliative dermatitis, exacerbation of an underlying skin disease
47
Name a barrier dysfunction
Steroid sulphatase deficiency X linked ichthyosis, hereditary deficiency of the steroid sulfatase
48
How far can visible and IR light travel in the skin?
To the subcut tissue
49
How far do UVA and B travel?
Dermis
50
What does UV have a damaging effect against?
Folic acid
51
What is the purpose of melanin?
It absorbs UV to protect DNA in the nuclei
52
What does cholecalciferol turn into in the presence of UV light?
Vitamin D3
53
What is Vitamin D stored as in the liver?
Hydroxycholecalciferol
54
What is hydroxycholecalciferol then converted to in the kidney?
1,25 - dihydroxycholecaliferol
55
What is thyroid metabolism?
Thyroxine to Triiodothyronine
56
What are scabies mites called?
Sarcoptes Scabiei
57
Crusted scabies is more likely to happen in what group of people?
The immunosuppressed
58
What is Tuberculoid leprosy? Hansen's disease
A chronic infectious disease, primarily affecting the peripheral nerves, skin, URT. Caused by mycobacterium leprae
59
What is eczema herpeticum disseminated from?
Herpes simplex virus
60
What is pacinian corpuscle and what do they sense
the sensory feature of the skin - pressure and vibration - also known as lamellar corpuscles
61
What are hair follicles called?
Pilosebaceous units
62
What are the hair growth phases?
``` Anagen = growing Catagen = involuting Telogen = resting ```
63
What are the different hair types?
Lanugo - fine soft hair which covers the body and limbs of a foetus Vellus - fine short, light coloured Terminal - thick, long and dark
64
What is virilisation?
Masculinisation - due to excess androgen from a tumour
65
What does chemotherapy do to the hair cycle?
It causes it to synchronise and it all falls out together
66
What causes hair loss after pregnancy?
A drop in progesterone- new hormone or contraception could do the same
67
What are the layers of the nail plate?
Dorsal --> intermediate --> ventral
68
What is the DEJ made from ?
Basal cells, hemidesmosomes, lamina lucida, lamina densa
69
What causes epidermolysis bullosa?
A mutation in one of the proteins
70
What types of epidermolysis bullosa are there?
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex - blistering in the upper layer of the skin - most common type Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa - blistering below the basement membrane Junctional epidermolysis bullosa - blistering at the DEJ, most severe
71
What are the types of pemphigus
Vulgaris ( usually starting in the mouth) and foliates (affects the skin and tends to be more itchy and painful)
72
What is the tract of blood flow in the skin?
Arteriole --> precapillary sphincter --> arterial capillaries --> venous capillaries --> post capillary venule --> collecting venule
73
What are the components of the dermis
Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, collagen, elastin, blood vessels, lymphatics
74
What is a port wine stain?
A birth mark - overgrowth of blood vessels
75
Tell me about the special receptors?
Pacinian (pressure, deeper, looks like an onion on histology) Meissners (vibration)
76
Tell me about the types of neurofibromatosis?
Type 1 - in early life may cause learning and behavioural problems, cafe au lait spots , growths on the iris, scoliosis, nerve tissue grows tumours Type 2 - bilateral acoustic neuromas (CN VIII) Schwannomatosis - development on spinal and peripheral nerves - mutation in the NF1 allele
77
Tell me about the sebaceous glands
Pilosebaceous Largest glands found on the face and chest and back Hormone sensitive Produce sebum (squalene, wax ester, triglycerides and free fatty acids) To control moisture, protection from bacterial and fungal infection
78
Tell me about apocrine glands
Sweat glands Axillae and perineum Androgen dependent Produce oily fluid
79
Tell me about eccrine glands
Whole skin surface - palms, soles and axillae in particular | Sympathetic cholinergic nerve supply

Second Year (2 decks)

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