Dermatology (General) Flashcards by leann yeo

Define the terms
- macule
- patch

macule - circumscribed area of change in colour of skin, not palpable, <1cm

patch - circumscribed area of change in colour of skin, not palpable, >= 1cm

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Define the terms
- papule
- plaque

papule - circumscribed elevation of skin, palpable, <1cm

plaque - circumscribed elevation of skin, palpable, >= 1cm

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Define the term
- nodule

nodule - circumscribed elevation of skin, palpable, skinnier than plaque, more raised, >=1cm

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Define the term
- wheal

wheal - rounded or flat-topped pale/red elevated areas with cutaneous oedema
- evanescent (disappears quickly)
- changes rapidly in size due to shifting papillary oedema

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Define the terms
- vesicle
- bullae

vesicle - circumscribed, elevated superficial cavity containing fluid, <1cm

bullae - circumscribed, elevated superficial cavity containing fluid, >= 1cm

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Define the terms
- pustule
- cyst

pustule - circumscribed, elevated, superifical cavity that contains purulent exudate, <1cm

cyst - cavity containing liquid/semisolid, lined by epithelium with fibrous capsule

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Define the terms
- petechiae
- purpura

petechiae - smaller bleeding that occurs in the skin and is non-blanchable

purpura - larger bleeding that occurs in the skin and is non-blanchable

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Define the terms
- papules
- pustules

papules - circumscribed elevation of skin <1cm

pustules - circumscribed, elevated, superifcial cavity containing purulent exudate, <1cm

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State the difference in skin morphlogy in
- erythema mutliforme
- SJS/TEN (steven-johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis)

erythema multiforme - 3 or more ring shaped lesions + palpable

SJS/TEN - less than 3 ring shaped lesions + non-palpable

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State the difference between
- erosions
- ulcers
- fissures

EROSIONS - defect only in the epidermis (superficial)
- heals without a scar

ULCER - defect extends from epidermis to dermis or deeper
- heals with a scar

FISSURES - narrow and deep crack
- eg: chronic eczema

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Explain the terms
- scale
- crust

scale - flaking of stratum corneum

crust - dried serous/purulent/blood exudates

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Explain the terms
- hyperkeratosis
- lichenification

hyperkeratosis - thickening of stratum corneum (does not flake off)

lichenification - thickening of skin
- secondary to chronic scratching, leathery
- exaggeration of normal skin lines

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Explain INDURATION

INDURATION - dermal thickening causing the cutaneous surface to feel thick, firm and tight
- eg: systemic sclerosis

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State the treatment method for syndromes of the
- epidermis
- dermis
- superficial fascia
- subcutaneous tissue
- muscle

epidermis + dermis - antibiotics
superficial fascia and deeper - prompt surgical debridement + antibiotics (fast progression due to absence of skin to hinder spread of infections)

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State some common conditions related to the epidermis and dermis layers

erysipelas
impetigo
folliculitis
ecthyema (deeper impetigo)
furunculosis (boils) + carbounculosis (multiple boils)

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State some common conditions related to the subcutaenous tissue and muscle

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subcutaneous tissue - necrotising fasciitis

muscle - myonecrosis (gas gangrene)

State the common causative agents of
1. cellulitis
2. erysipelas
3. lymphangitis
4. cat/dog bites
5. type 1 necrotising fasciitis
6. type 2 necrotising fasciitis
7. gas gangrene

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cellulitis - staph aureus, beta-hemolytic streps
erysipelas - grp a strep
lymphangitis - grp a strep (staph aureus) + cat scratch
cat/dog bites - pasteurella mutlocida
type 1 necrotising fasciitis - aerobes
type 2 necrotising fasciitis - grp a strep
gas gangrene - clostridium perfringens

Stte the major and minor mediators of PRURITUS

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PRURITUS

(1) Major mediators
- Histamine
- Tryptase
- Cathepsin S
- Interleukin-31

(2) Minor mediators
- Substance P
- Prostaglandin E
- Miu-opioid receptor agonists

State some possible causes of PRURITUS WITHOUT PRIMARY DERMATOSIS

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PRURITUS WITHOUT PRIMARY DERMATOSIS
1. Liver disorders - hyperbilirubinemia
2. Renal disorders - uraemia involvement
3. Benign & malignant haematological disorders - hodgkin’s lymphoma
4. Endocrine disorders - poorly controlled DM, hypothyrodisim, hyperthyroidism
5. Infections - HIV
6. Pregnancy
7. Neuropsychiatric disorders

State some associated symptoms of DECOMPENSATED CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE

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DECOMPENSATED CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE
- Jaundice
- Distension of stomach veins
- Pruritus without primary dermatosis

State some associated symptoms of CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE

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CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE
- Pedal oedema
- Asteatosis
- Half and half nails
- Haematuria/ frothy urine
- SOB
- Pruritus without priamry dermatosis

State some associated symptoms of HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA

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HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA
- Fever
- Night sweats
- LOW
- Fatigue
- Mass
- Pallor
- Pruritus without primary dermatosis

FURUNCULOSIS
- ____ abscesses associated with ____
- Most common causative agent =
- Most comonly affects ____, rarely seen in ____

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FURUNCULOSIS = BOILS
- CUTANEOUS abscesses associated with HAIR FOLLICLES
- Most common causative agent = STAPH AUREUS
- Most comonly affects ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS, rarely seen in CHILDHOOD

SEBORRHEIC KERATOSIS
- Stuck on appearing ____ and ____ with ____ borders
- ____ onset of numerous SKs may be a cutaneous sign of ____

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SEBORRHEIC KERATOSIS
- Stuck on appearing PAPULES and PLAQUES with WELL-DEFINEDborders
- RAPID onset of numerous SKs may be a cutaneous sign of INTERNAL MALIGNANCY

**EPIDERMAL CYSTS** - Contents consist of ____ and ____ debris - Factors - ____ and iatrogenic implantation of ____ elements, occlusion of ____ duct, ____ (virus) or hereditary conditions (____ syndrome)

**EPIDERMAL CYSTS** - Contents consist of **MACERATED KERATIN** and **LIPID-RICH** debris - Factors - **TRAUMATIC** and iatrogenic implantation of **EPIDERMAL** elements, occlusion of **ECCRINE** duct, **HSV** (virus) or hereditary conditions (**GARDNER** syndrome)

**LIPOMA** - Slow-growing, ____ fat cells - Soft, ____, ____ mobile subcutaneosu masses without overlying skin change - Often ____ but can be ____ - Usually ____

**LIPOMA** - Slow-growing, **MATURE** fat cells - Soft, **RUBBERY**, **FREELY** mobile subcutaneous masses without overlying skin change - Often **SOLITARY** but can be **MULTIPLE** - Usually **ASYMPTOMATIC**

**BASAL CELL CARCINOMA** - Most common cancer in humans and most common cancer of the skin - Benign/Malignant - Neoplasm of ____ - Greatest risk factor = - ____ sun exposure is more closely associated with development of SCC than ____ UV exposure

**BASAL CELL CARCINOMA** - Most common cancer in humans and most common cancer of the skin - **Malignant** - Neoplasm of **BASAL KERATINOCYTES** - Greatest risk factor = **SUN EXPOSURE** - **INTERMITTENT** sun exposure is more closely associated with development of SCC than **CUMULATIVE** UV exposure

**SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA** - ____ most common skin cancer worldwide - Arises from any skin surace including the ____, but mostly affects the ____ areas - Risk factors =

**SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA** - SECOND most common skin cancer worldwide - Arises from any skin surace including the MUCOSA, but mostly affects the SUN-EXPOSED areas - Risk factors = **UV EXPOSURE**, **IMMUNOSUPPRESSION**, **IONISING RADIATION**, **CIGARETTE SMOKING**, **HPV**

**KERATHOACANTHOMA** - ____ growing, ____ neoplasm of ____ epithelium - Considered as a ____ grade SCC - Appears and grows ____ over a few weeks and spontaneously ____ and ____ within 6 months to leave an ____ scar - ____ system plays a role in ____ regression of keratoacanthomas

**KERATHOACANTHOMA** - **RAPIDLY** growing, **WELL-DIFFERENTIATED** neoplasm of **SQUAMOUS** epithelium - Considered as a **LOW-GRADE** grade SCC - Appears and grows **RAPIDLY** over a few weeks and spontaneously **INVOLUTES** and **RESOLVES** within 6 months to leave an **ATROPHIC** scar - **IMMUNE** system plays a role in **SPONTANEOUS** regression of keratoacanthomas

**LEUKEMIA CUTIS** - Skin infiltration by a ____ proliferation by ____ - May be ____ and present as ____ ulcers - Lesions can ____ or become ____

**LEUKEMIA CUTIS** - Skin infiltration by a **MALIGNANT** proliferation by **LEUKOCYTES** - May be **POLYMORPHIC** and present as **HAEMORRHAGIC** ulcers - Lesions can **ULCERATE** or become **BULLOUS**

**DERMATOFIBROSARCOMA PROTUBERANS** - ____ derived intermeidate soft tissue ____ - Uncommon neoplasm with ____ metastatic potential - Can be ____ aggressive - Risk factors = - Presents as ____ growing, ____ (colour), ____ plaque with ____ nodularity in an adult - Common site =

**DERMATOFIBROSARCOMA PROTUBERANS** - **FIBROBLAST** derived intermeidate soft tissue **SARCOMA** - Uncommon neoplasm with **LOW** metastatic potential - Can be **LOCALLY** aggressive - Risk factors = **AFRICAN DESCENT** + **FEMALE** - Presents as **SLOW** growing, **RED-BROWN** (colour), **INDURATED** plaque with **IRREGULAR** nodularity in an adult - Common site = **TRUNK + HEAD AND NECK + PROXIMAL EXREMITIES**

**CHERRY ANGIOMA** - Acquired ____, ____ proliferation - ____ walled and ____ capillaries - Treatment = - Site =

**CHERRY ANGIOMA** - Acquired **BENIGN**, **VASCULAR** proliferation - **THIN** walled and **DILATED** capillaries - Treatment = **No treatment unless irritated or bleeeding (Secondary to trauma)** - Site = **TRUNK** + **ARMS** (RARE)

**XANTHELASMA** - Presents as yellowish ____ or slightly elevated ____ or ____ on the eyelids - Risk factors = - Independent risk factor for ____ and subsequently ____

**XANTHELASMA** - Presents as yellowish **MACULES** or slightly elevated **PAPULES** or **PLAQUES** on the eyelids - Risk factors = **WOMEN (3X MORE LIKELY)** - Independent risk factor for **ATHEROSCLEROSIS** and subsequently **ICD (ISCHAEMIC CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE)**

**KELOID** - ____, ____ tissue nodules typically found at areas of previously ____ skin - Can become ____, ____ or ____ and grow to become very lare - Can cause ____ discomfort, ____ and restrict normal ____ motion

**KELOID** - **DENSE**, **FIBROUS** tissue nodules typically found at areas of previously **TRAUMATISED** skin - Can become **PAINFUL**, **TENDER** or **PRURITIC** and grow to become very lare - Can cause **CHRONIC** discomfort, **DISFIGURING** and restrict normal **TISSUE** motion

**KAPOSI SARCOMA** - ____ neoplasm of lympahtic ____ cell origin that occurs in several forms = - Due to or influced by ____ (virus) - Lesions are deep red ____, ____, ____, ____ and ____

**KAPOSI SARCOMA** - **MALIGNANT** neoplasm of lympahtic **ENDOTHELIAL** cell origin that occurs in several forms = **AIDS-ASSOCIATED** OR **NON-AIDS ASSOCIATED** - Due to or influced by **HHV-8** (virus) - Lesions are deep red **PATCHES**, **PAPULES**, **PLAQUES**, **TUMOURS** and **NODULES**

**SARCOIDOSIS** - ____ disease is the first sign of systemic sarcoidosis - ____ formation in involved organs - Asymptomatic/Symptomatic - Sites =

**SARCOIDOSIS** - **CUTANEOUS** disease is the first sign of systemic sarcoidosis - **GRANULOMA** formation in involved organs - **Asymptomatic** - Sites = **FACE, NECK, UPPER EXTREMITIES, UPPER TRUNK**

State everything you know about **MELANOMA**

**MELANOMA** - malignant tumour of melanocytes - high metastatic potential - irregular pigmented lesions

Dermatology (General) Flashcards

(37 cards)