Dermography:

Question 1

what is dermography?

Answer 1

it’s the measurement of the population in size and growth of birth and death rates

Question 2

the 4 factors that affect population size:

Answer 2

• births
• deaths
• ageing population
• migration

Question 3

what are the 4 affects of birth rates:

Answer 3

• change in women’s position
• decline in infant mortality rate
• children being an economic liability
• increase in child centeredness

Question 4

factors affecting population increase:

Answer 4

births and immigration

Question 5

factors affecting population decrease:

Answer 5

deaths and emigration

Question 6

reasons for the decline in birth rates: since (1900):

Answer 6

• social
• economical
• cultural
• legal
• political and technological factors

Question 7

reasons for the decline in death rates:

Answer 7

• improved nutrition
• medical improvement
• smoking and diet
• public health measures

Question 8

the 3 factors of the ageing population:

Answer 8

• increase in life expectancy
• decline infant mortality rate
• declining fertility

Question 9

net migration:

Answer 9

immigration and emigration

Question 10

infant mortality rate:

Answer 10

number of infants who die before their first birthday

Question 11

2 most important trends of birth rate:

Answer 11

• most women are remaining childless
• women are having children later, average age = 30

Question 12

dependency ratio:

Answer 12

• taxing the working population’s earnings to support the dependent population increases dependency

Question 13

globalisation:

Answer 13

the world is interconnected by trade and cultural exchange

Question 14

3 main aspects of ageism, modernity and postmodernism:

Answer 14

• old age in modern society
• old age in postmodernism
• inequalities amongst the old

Question 15

legal implications of an ageing population:

Answer 15

Hirsch: (2005)
- we need new policies to finance a longer old age e.g paying more taxes or by increasing retirement age

Question 16

3 basic explanations of attitudes towards immigration:

Answer 16

• contract theory
• group conflict theory
• economic competition theories

Question 17

4 reasons why people migrate:

Answer 17

1. permanent settlers
2. temporary workers
3. spouses
4. forced migrants

Question 18

differentiation: Robin Cohen (2006) three types of migrants

Answer 18

1. citizens: full citizenship rights e.g voting rights
2. denizens: privileged foreign nationals welcomed by the state
3. helots: most exploited group, disposable units of labour power

Question 19

Feminisation of migration:

Answer 19

one in every five domestic workers is an international workers

Question 20

4 reasons to what caused this? (feminisation migration)

Answer 20

1. expansion of service occupation
2. western women have joined labour force
3. western men remained unwilling to perform domestic labour
4. the failure of the state to provide adequate childcare

Question 21

continuation: (feminisation migration) Ehrenreich and Hochschild (2003)

Answer 21

observes that care work, domestic work and sex work in western countries is increasingly done by women from poorer countries

Question 22

factors suggesting that the ageing population will increase costs:

Answer 22

• the annual costs of health and social care are significantly greater for older people (burden of dependency)
• hospital admissions for older people has increased more rapidly
• formal care
• care needs expected to rise to 60% in the next 20yrs

Question 23

life expectancy:

Answer 23

• Descombe (1997) states that Uk in 5th century : 33yrs men & 27yrs for women (2005) 76yrs men & 81 women
• improvement: establishment of welfare
• have access to free healthcare, damp free houses and help with financial needs
• development in public service and medicine : people live longer

Question 24

infant mortality rate:

Answer 24

• 1930 = 60%
• 2006 = 5% per every 1000 births
• introduction to midwifery services in the 20th century = better chances of survival
• antenatal care and post-natal care improves infant mortality rate

Question 25

fertility rate:

Answer 25

• expensive to raise children
• 1934 = 2.5%
• 2009 = 1.9%
• marriage at a later date
• increased availability of effective contraception

Question 26

assimilation:

Answer 26

• first state policy approach to encourage immigrants to adopt the language, norms and values of the host culture

Question 27

multiculturalism:

Answer 27

• accepts that migrants may wish to retain a separate cultural identity
• shallow diversity
• deep diversity

Question 28

a divided working class:

Answer 28

• assimilation ideas encourage workers to blame migrants for social problems e.g unemployment = racial scapegoat
• Castles and Kosack (1973): this benefits capitalism by creating a racially divided working class, preventing united action in defence to their interests

Question 29

factors suggesting ageing population will increase costs:

Answer 29

• annual cost of health and social care (burden of dependency)
• hospital admissions
• care needs