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Lipids > Describe the structure and function of lipids and lipoproteins > Flashcards

Describe the structure and function of lipids and lipoproteins Flashcards

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1
Q

What do lipids primarily contain?

A

nonploar carbon-hydrogen (C - H) bonds and yield fatty acids and/or complex alcohols after hydrolysis

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2
Q

What functions do lipids serve?

A

hormone precursor
vitamin absorption
protection of organs
insulation of the body from cold temps
energy source
cell membrane structural components
energy storage
(HV a PIECE)

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3
Q

What are the four main types of lipids?

A

fatty acids
glycerides
nonglyceride
complex lipids
(F GNC)

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4
Q

fatty acids are variable in length and are classified by what?

A

short chains: 4 to 6 carbon atoms
medium chains: 8 to 12 carbon atoms
long chain: more than 12 carbon atoms

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5
Q

fatty acids are what?

A

linear chains of C — H bonds that terminate with a carboxyl group (-COOH)

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6
Q

fatty acids can be classified as what?

A

being saturated (no double bonds) or monosaturated (one double bond) or polyunsaturated (two or more double bonds)

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7
Q

most fatty acids are synthesized in the body from carbohydrate precursors, except what?

A

linoleic and linoenic acids

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8
Q

linoleic and linoenic acids are found where?

A

in plants and must be ingested in the diet

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9
Q

describe triglycerides

A

they contain three fatty acid molecules attached to one molecule of glycerol by ester bonds

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10
Q

how do saturated fatty acids and cis unsaturated fatty acids form?

A

saturated- solid at room temperature
unsaturated- oils at room temperature

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11
Q

when it comes to water and phospholipids, they are what?

A

amphipathic (meaning the are both hydrophobic and hydrophilic.)

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12
Q

where are phospholipids synthesized?

A

cytosolic compartment of all organs of the body especially the liver

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13
Q

the only hydrophilic part of cholesterol is what?

A

the hydroxyl group in the a ring

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14
Q

how is cholesterol synthesized?

A

in most tissues of the body from acetyl CoA. there are 25 enzymes involved in the formation

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15
Q

how is cholesterol unique?

A

it’s not catabolized by most cells and therefore does not serve as fuel, however it is converted in the liver as bile acids which promotes fat absorption in the intestines.

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16
Q

cholesterol can be converted into steroid hormones such as?

A

Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Estrogens
Androgens

(G. A. M. E.)

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17
Q

Apo A-1

A

the major protein of HDL

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18
Q

Apo B

A

principal protein of LDL and VLDL and chylomicrons

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19
Q

Apo C

A

found on all lipoproteins and serves to activate lipoprotein lipase enzymes that help transport cholesterol

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20
Q

Apo E

A

found in LDL, VLDL, and HDL and is an important apolipoprotein found in many types of lipoproteins

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21
Q

What are the major types of human lipoproteins?

A

HDL
LDL
VLDL
Chylomicrons

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22
Q

Chylomicrons

A

because of their large size, they scatter light. the role of chylomicrons is the delivery of dietary lipids to hepatic and peripheral cells

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23
Q

VLDL

A

contains Apo B-100, Apo C, and Apo E. VLDL also reflects light. the purpose got VLDL is to deliver triglycerides from the liver to peripheral tissue.

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24
Q

LDL

A

carry cholesterol to peripheral tissues and help regulate cholesterol levels. they are the richest in cholesterol.

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25
what happens when macrophages take up too many lipids?
they become filled with intracellular lipid drops and turn into foam cells. this can lead to atherosclerotic plaques
26
HDL
synthesized by both the liver and intestines. bound to plasma cholesterol and transports cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.
27
Discoidal HDL
2 molecules of apo A1. represents the newly secreted HDL and is most active form in removing excess cholesterol from peripheral cells. disk shaped particles
28
Spherical HDL
when discoidal acquires an additional lipid, cholesterol esters, and triglycerides from a core region between the phospholipid bilateral. transforms into Spherical HDL from Discoidal HDL
29
Lipolysis
the cleavage or breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids
30
what can glycerol be broken down into?
pyruvate and used for synthesis of glucose
31
what must be done before fatty acids can be used for energy production?
fatty acids must be oxidized first before being used as energy production
32
what happens when there’s not enough glucose available for the brain?
the liver can use acetyl coA to synthesize ketone bodies (ketogenesis)
33
what is the conversion process of fatty acids to acetyl coA called?
beta oxidation or fatty acid oxidation
34
what are the four major pathways involved in lipoprotein metabolisms?
lipid absorption pathway exogenous pathway endogenous pathway reverse cholesterol pathway
35
Bile salts
made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder awaiting stimulus to be secreted into the small intestine.
36
positive risk factors for LDL-C
= or >160mg/dL with = or < 1 risk factor = or >130mg/dL with = or > 2 risk factors = or >100mg/dL with Diabetes (CHD) or risk equivalent
37
negative risk factors for CHB
HDL-C concentration = or >60mg/dL LDL-C concentration <100mg/dL
38
Reference Ranges for lipids
Total Cholesterol: 140-200mg/dL HDL-C: 40-75mg/dL LDL-C:50-130mg/dL Triglycerides:60-150mg/dL
39
NCEP ATP III guidelines for CHD
<150mg/dL are normal 150-500mg/dL considered borderline high 200-500mg/dL are considered high >500mg/dL considered undesirable because of increased risk of acute pancreatitis
40
Hyperlipidemia
a symptomless biochemical state that if present for a long time may be associated with the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease
41
How to tell if Hyperlipidemia is present?
the major plasma lipids of interest are total cholesterol (free+ester) and the triglycerides
42
what can be used to detect hyperlipoproteinemia?
cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations
43
Coronary artery disease is almost always the result of what?
atherosclerosis which is currently viewed as an inflammatory disease
44
CAD is the most common type of heart disease and is what?
the leading cause of death in the united states. about 75 percent of coronary related deaths are the result of atherosclerosis
45
who does CAD effect?
middle aged males. nearly 45% of heart attacks occur in males less than 65 years of age. CHD develops in men 60 years of age or younger at about twice the rate seen in women.
46
what is atherosclerosis?
a disease where plaque builds up underneath the inner lining of an artery and restricts blood flow
47
what is the relationship between heart disease and dyslipidemia
the deposition of lipids mainly in the form of esterified cholesterol in artery walls
48
LDL is believed to what?
play a role in initiating and promoting plaque formation
49
Familial hypercholesterolemia
genetic abnormalities that predispose affected individuals to elevated cholesterol levels
50
Hypertriglyceridiemia
Borderline high- 150-200 high- 200-500 very high: greater than 500 not associated with high risk of CHD but can cause acute pancreatitis
51
Combined hyperlipoproteinemia
the presence of elevated levels of serum total cholesterol and triglycerides. individuals with this are considered at risk for CHD
52
Metabolic syndrome
closely linked to a generalized metabolic disorder called insulin resistance
53
Adult management of lipoprotein disorders
cholesterol screening is recommended every 5 years for adults over 20 years old and should imvlove fasting total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and LDL. if not fasted, then the total cholesterol should be considered
54
interference on enzymatic methods from
Bilirubin Ascorbic acid Hemoglobin
55
Triglycerides are routinely measured with enzyme reagents and are what?
linear in concentration range up to 700mg/dL and are operated in the range of 2 to 3 percent
56
enzymatic reaction sequence for triglyceride measurement includes what?
lipases to cleave fatty acids from the glycerol backbone
57
why is the measurement of triglycerides in serum overestimated?
because glycerol is a normal product in serum. in healthy individuals, endogenous glycerol represents the equivalent of less than 10mg/dL of triglyceride therefore the error due to glycerol isn’t significant
58
HDL-C measurement
a significant problem with HDL precipitation methods is interference with elevated triglyceride levels (>400mg/dL) incomplete sedimentation indicated by the cloudiness or particulate matter floating results in overestimation of HDL
59
Ways to accurately measure HDL
polymers, detergents, or modified enzymes are used to suppress the cholesterol reaction. a reagent is added to block non HDL’s followed by a second reagent to quantify the accessible HDL
60
When should the Friedewald equation not be used?
samples have triglyceride samples above 400mg/dL samples have significant quantities of chylomicrons a patient has dysbetalipoproteinemia
61
What is the most common test to find lipid disorders?
a lipid panel or lipid profile. it tests for total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and LDL
62
What is preferred for triglyceride testing?
serum or plasma specimens from patients who have fasted for at least 12 hours

Lipids (1 decks)

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