Details of Eleven Body Systems

Question 1

Three parts of integumentary

Answer 1

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

Question 2

Epidermis

Answer 2

Protects: covers surface/deeper tissue
Vit D made here
Nerve endings

Question 3

Dermis

Answer 3

Lots of nerve structures for sensations
Nutrient vessels that support epidermis
Sweat glands for thermo-regulation
Breast tissues - considered modified sweat gland

Question 4

Hypodermis

Answer 4

Fat stores

Question 5

Two parts of muscular system (skeletal muscles)

Answer 5

Axial - central core

Appendicular - arms/legs - provide movement to limbs; suppport/brace/move limbs

Question 6

What does the muscular system do?

Answer 6

Provides movement
Provides heat (shivering)
Supports skeleton
Protects soft tissue

Question 7

What are tendons?

Answer 7

Fibrous connections between muscle and a bone

eg. achilles tendon

Question 8

What are aponeuroses?

Answer 8

Most often muscle-muscle connections

Fibrous connection between two different muscles

Question 9

Two parts of skeletal system

Answer 9

Axial - skull and down through vertebrae

Appendicular - arms/limbs/pelvis - supports limbs/position in space

Question 10

Cartilage

Answer 10

Bone interface

Where bone is rubbing on bone there’s cartilage to act as a buffer

Question 11

Two types of cartilage

Answer 11

Hyaline: ribs, joints eg. chest to sternum

Fibro (discs)

Question 12

What is a ligament?

Answer 12

Fibrous material that joins bones together

Question 13

Inside skeleton is…?

Answer 13

Bone marrow

Question 14

Two types of bone marrow

Answer 14

Red: makes majority of red blood cells in flat bones (pelvis, sternum, skull, some ribs)
Yellow: stores fat cells

Question 15

Two parts of nervous system

Answer 15

Central Nervous System

Peripheral

Question 16

Central Nervous System

Answer 16

Brain - complex integrative activities + below consciousness (involuntary) acitvities - eg. standing
Spinal cord - reflex arc mediated here, acts before brain registers eg. recoiling after touching something hot

Question 17

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 17

links CNS with other systems and sense organs

Question 18

Endocrine - pineal (brain)

Answer 18

day/night rhythms

Question 19

Endocrine - hypothalamus (brain)

Answer 19

controls many other endocrine glands

Question 20

Where is the thyroid gland? (endocrine)

Answer 20

Sits at the front of the trachea - saddles either side of the trachea

Question 21

What is the purpose of the thymus? (endocrine)

Answer 21

Maturation of lymphocytes

Question 22

Adrenal glands (endocrine)

Answer 22

Lots of functions
Involved in water + mineral balance
Adrenaline is released from here - flight/fight response

Question 23

Kidneys (endocrine)

Answer 23

Secrete lots of hormones for red blood cell production

Question 24

Pancreas (endocrine)

Answer 24

Glucose control

Question 25

Gonads (endocrine)

Answer 25

Sexual characteristics and reproduction

Question 26

What is pituitary? (endocrine hormone)

Answer 26

Growth hormone Too much GH from childhood - gigantism Too much GH as an adult - acromegaly

Question 27

Three parts of lymphatic system

Answer 27

Lymphatic fluids, lymphatic vessels and cells (B cells and T cells)

Question 28

Give an example of a lymphatic node

Answer 28

Tonsils

Question 29

Spleen

Answer 29

Produces a lot of white blood cells - immune response

Question 30

Explain the process of fluid collection of the lymphatic system

Answer 30

Heart pumps blood Blood flows out arteries to capillaries Some of that fluid goes to nourish tissues This fluid needs to get back into the circulatory system - does so through the lymphatic system Collects fluids, passes through nodes and re-enters venous system Otherwise fluid would just stay in the tissues

Question 31

What does the lymphatic system do with lipids?

Answer 31

Takes lipids from guts

Question 32

Three main parts of the cardiovascular system

Answer 32

Blood, blood vessels, heart

Question 33

Arteries

Answer 33

Blood from heart to capillaries

Question 34

Capillaries

Answer 34

Fine blood vessels - diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids

Question 35

Veins

Answer 35

Blood from capillaries back to heart

Question 36

What is the role of blood?

Answer 36

``` Transports O2, CO2 removal Transports nutrients/hormones Removes waste Temperature regulation Defence against illness - immune cells ```

Question 37

Top to bottom of the respiratory system

Answer 37

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli | Lungs - acid-base control

Question 38

What is the trachea? (respiratory)

Answer 38

Pipe you can feel at the front of throat - takes air down to the bronchi in the lungs

Question 39

What happens when you hyperventilate? (respiratory)

Answer 39

Fingers tingle/light-headedness due to change in pH

Question 40

What does the oral cavity do? (digestive)

Answer 40

Breaks down food using teeth and tongue

Question 41

What do the salivary glands do? (digestive)

Answer 41

Buffers/lubricates | Enzymes that begin digestion

Question 42

What does the pharynx do? (digestive)

Answer 42

Solid food/liquid to the oesophagus | Protects respiratory system

Question 43

Oesophagus (digestive)

Answer 43

Delivers food to stomach

Question 44

Stomach (digestive)

Answer 44

Secretes acids | Enzymes/hormones

Question 45

What type of absorption mostly occurs in the small intestine?

Answer 45

Nutrient absorption

Question 46

What type of absorption mostly occurs in the large intestine?

Answer 46

Water absorptions

Question 47

What does the liver do? | digestive

Answer 47

Secretes bile

Question 48

What does the gallbladder do? | digestive

Answer 48

Concentrates bile - helps to break down fat so you can absorb it further down

Question 49

Pancreas (digestive)

Answer 49

Makes various digestive enzymes that help break down food

Question 50

Guts (digestive)

Answer 50

Rhythmic contractions to move food along digestive system

Question 51

What does the kidney do in the urinary system?

Answer 51

Forms and concentrates urine, regulates pH and blood volume/pressure

Question 52

What does the ureter do? (urinary)

Answer 52

Conducts urine to bladder

Question 53

What does the bladder do? (urinary)

Answer 53

Stores urine prior to elimination

Question 54

What does the urethra do? (urinary)

Answer 54

Conducts urine to exterior

Question 55

What does the kidney do in the endocrine system/what does EPO do?

Answer 55

Produces erythropoietin (EPO) - powerful hormone Acts on blood-making capacities of bone marrow Can make it in labs + inject yourself Will make more red blood cells = more oxygen

Question 56

Main parts of reproductive system (three)

Answer 56

Testes - produces sperm/hormones (also in endocrine system) Ovaries - also in endocrine system Mammary glands in female reproductive/integumentary systems