Détente Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
Détente
A
Easing of hostility or strained relations between countries
2
Q
Roots of détente
A
1963-69
3
Q
Actual détente
A
1969-79
4
Q
The end of détente and start of the New Cold War
A
C.1979-81
5
Q
Factors which promote détente
A
Fear of war
The needs of the USSR - economy and security
The needs of the USA - and war in Vietnam
Relations with China
European needs
Nuclear parity
6
Q
Nuclear parity
A
Equivalent destructive power
7
Q
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
Date
A
May 1972
8
Q
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
Key Measure
A
Limited Soviet Union and USA to 2 fields of ABMs (each with no more than 100 missiles)
9
Q
The Interim Agreement
Date
A
16 May 1972
10
Q
The Interim Agreement
Key Measures
A
Linked strategic offensive and defensive arms agreements and implemented the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
Freeze on strategic missiles
11
Q
The Interim Agreement
Duration of agreement
A
Temporary
5 years
12
Q
Number of ICBM - USA (1972)
A
1054
13
Q
Number of ICBM - USSR (1972)
A
1618
14
Q
Number of SLBM - USA (1972)
A
656
15
Q
Number of SLBM - USSR (1972)
A
740
16
Q
Number of strategic bombers - USA (1972)
A
450
17
Q
Number of strategic bombers - USSR (1972)
A
140
18
Q
The Moscow Summit
A
May 1972
19
Q
Signing of SALT I
A
26 May 1972
At Moscow Summit
20
Q
“Basis of peaceful co-existence”
A
Basic Principle 1
The Moscow Summit (May 1972)
21
Q
“Will be prepared to negotiate and settle differences by peaceful means”
A
Basic Principle 2
The Moscow Summit (May 1972)
22
Q
Both need to try and avoid “situations” which would “increase international tensions”
A
Basic Principle 3
The Moscow Summit (May 1972)
23
Q
The Vladivostok Summit
Date
A
November 1974
24
Q
The Vienna Summit
Date
A
June 1979
25
Ostpolitik
West German foreign policy initiated by Willy Brandt in the late 1960s. The policy was one of détente with Soviet-bloc countries, recognising the East German government and expanding commercial relations with other Soviet0bloc countries
26
Appointment of Willy Brandt as chancellor of West Germany
October 1969
27
Brandt’s talks with USSR - Non-Aggression Pact signed
August 1970
28
West Germany signed a treaty with Poland - recognised post-war Oder-Neisse border
7 December 1970
29
Ulbricht (Communist party chief in East Germany) resigned, replaced by Erich Honecker
May 1971
30
2 Germanies signed an agreement formally recognising each other
December 1972
31
The Basic Treaty
21 December 1972
32
Impact of The Basic Treaty
Provided the route by which other European nations could establish relations with GDR
Thus diplomatic relations opened
33
Both FRG and GDR were members of UN
By end of September 1973
34
Australia opened up diplomatic relations with GDR
December 1972
35
UK, France and Netherlands opened up diplomatic relations with GDR
February 1973
36
Federal Republic of Germany opened up diplomatic relations with GDR
February 1974
37
USA opened up diplomatic relations with GDR
December 1974
38
Kissinger laid groundwork for The Vladivostok Summit
October 1974
39
The Vladivostok Summit
Key Measues
Agreed framework for a 10 year plan as preliminary to SALT II treaty
Soviets agreed to equal levels of ICBM and SLBM launchers
40
Congress passed resolutions supporting the Vladivostok SALT agreement
By February 1975
41
Significant opposition Kissinger faced when he returned from Vladivostok
Secretary of Defense - Donald Rumsfeld
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff - George Brown
New proposals were forced onto Kissinger and backed by Ford
42
Advisor that put pressure on Carter to adopt a hard line position
Zbigniew Brzezinski
43
Proposals by Carter (after Vladivostok and before Vienna)
Date
28 March 1977
44
Proposals by Carter (after Vladivostok and before Vienna)
Strategic systems reduced from 2400 to between 1800 and 2000
Reduce launchers from missiles with MIRVs from 1320 to 1110
Reduce modern ICBMs to 150 and MIRV launchers to 550
Ban testing and development of new ICBM
Ban cruise missiles with range above 2500 km
Only heavy bombers could have air launched cruise missiles with 600-2500 range
45
Proposals by Carter (after Vladivostok and before Vienna)
Impact
Brezhnev rejected the proposals
Regarded the Vladivostok agreement as binding
Thought Carter was acting in a unilateral and unacceptable manner
46
SALT II agreement announced
9 May 1979
47
Main concrete achievement of Vienna Summit
Signing of SALT II treaty
June 1979
48
Impact of Nixon’s visit to China
Accelerated talks for SALT I
49
Seen as highpoint of détente
The Helsinki Accords
50
Finale meeting for Helsinki Accords
30 July - 1 August 1975
51
Number of states that participated in Helsinki Accords
35 states
Including USA , Canada and whole of Europe except Albania
52
Basket One (Helsinki)
Acceptance of European borders
53
Basket Two (Helsinki)
Trade and technology exchanges
54
Basket Three (Helsinki)
Respect for human rights
55
56
Helsinki: Agreement on key principles
‘Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between Participating States’
57
The Helsinki Accord: “gradually became a manifesto of the dissident and liberal movement”
People “could claim official permission to say what they thought”
Gaddis
58
Kissinger - July 1974
Convinced that if a SALT II agreement was not reached by 1977 (interim agreement due to expire) there would be an expansion of nuclear weapons technology and in the number
59
Carter convinced the USA’s NATO allies to increase their military expenditure by a further 3% and to deploy 572 Pershing II and cruise missiles across alliance territory
December 1979
60
Under Nixon - USA’s policy / perspective
Triangular Diplomacy
61
Sino-Soviet split becomes public
1960
62
Quemoy/Matsu crisis
1st: 1954
2nd: 1958
63
The Malinovsky Incident
1964
64
The Malinovsky Incident
Events
Chinese delegation invited to Moscow in October 1964 to celebrate October Revolution
Malinovsky suggested they oust Mao as the Soviet’s had ousted Khrushchev
November 1964: Enlai tells Cuban delegation that the USSR “insulted comrade Mao Zedong, the Chinese people, the Chinese party and myself”
65
Red Guards inavded Zhen Bao/Damanski
2 March 1969
66
US ping pong team visits China
1971
67
Nixon cancels trade embargo on China
1971
68
US does not block the UN’s move to make PRC part of UN Security Council
1971
69
US backs Pakistan in war that creates Bangladesh
December 1971
70
Nixon visits China
February 1972
71
China and USA reach an agreement on Taiwan
December 1978
72
Den Xiaoping visited the USA
29 January - 4 February 1979
73
The Iranian Revolution
The Revolution in Iraq
1979 (January)
74
The Sandinista Revolution in Nicaragua
July 1979
75
A coup by reformist military officers in El Salvador
October 1979
76
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
December 1979
77
USSR’s shared border with Afghanistan
2500 km
78
Who the war in Afghanistan was between
Mujahideen vs USSR - Barak Kamal (communist)
79
The Carter Doctrine
Date
23 January 1980
80
The Carter Doctrine
What was it?
Stated the USA was prepared to use military force should the USSR try to control the Persian gulf and threaten America’s interests there
81
3 January 1980
Carter formally asked the US Senate to postpone indefinitely any further consideration of the SALT II agreement
82
Measures aimed at USSR in address to nation 4 January 1980
Deferral of action on cultural and economic exchanges
Major restrictions on Soviet fishing privileges in American waters
Ban on the sale of high technology and strategic items to the Soviets
An embargo on sales of grain to USSR
US military and economic assistance to Pakistan
83
Carter persuading NATO alliance and West to suspend détente, following The Carter Doctrine
Détente in Europe was working beneficially and they were not prepared to suspend détente
Europe’s trade links with the USSR continued and expanded
84
What the war in Afghanistan became known as
USSR’s Vietnam
85
Reagan’s address on 8 June 1982 in Palace of Westminster
“The forward march of freedom and democracy will leave communism on the ash-heap of history”
86
Increase in military spending between 1981 and 1985 in USA
40%
87
Reagan referred to the Soviet Union as “The Evil Empire”
1983
88
Jump in military spending 1981-1986 USA under Reagan
1981: $178 billion
1986: $367 billion
89
Impact of SDI
Violated previous agreements - Limited Test Ban Treaty (1963), Outer Space Treaty (1967), ABM Treaty (1972)
Destabilised mutual deterrence - undermined MAD
Placed strain on Soviet economy and negotiators
90
START talks commenced
Mid 1982
91
USA committed to deploying missiles in Europe
November 1983
92
Result of Gorbachev visiting Britain in December 1984 and meeting Thatcher
Thatcher identified a Soviet politician who grasped the hard reality that his country could not win the Cold War
Thatcher: “I like Mr Gorbachev. We can do business together”
93
Pope John Paul II
Elected and enthroned
1978
94
Pope John Paul II visited Poland
June 1979
95
Pope John Paul: future of Poland would rest on the number of people “mature enough to become non-conformists”
June 1979 - visiting Poland
Estimated 12 million Poles witnessed him expressing views on international reconciliation
96
Gerontocracy
Rule by the elderly
97
Average age of Politburo in 1981
71
98
Brezhnev as leader of USSR
14 October 1964 - 10 November 1982
99
Andropov as leader of the USSR
12 November 1982 - 9 February 1984
100
Chernenko as leader of the USSR
13 February 1984 - 10 March 1985
101
About 300,000 workers in Poland went on strike
July and August 1980
102
Jaruzelski (Poland’s leader) and the Military Committee of National Redemption imposed martial law
13 December 1981
103
KAL 007 drifted unintentionally into Soviet airspace and was shot down by Soviet fighter jets
1 September 1983
