Detroit Case Study

Question 1

Detroit Location, brief history/when it was founded and people there

Answer 1

Detroit is located in the state of Michigan, in the northeastern part of the United States. It sits on the western bank of the Detroit River, which separates the U.S. from Canada. Links lake Uron (or Lake St Clare which is smaller) and Erie. Its on a strait
Founded by French Colonialists in 1701
Early economy based on fur trade. Has indigenous people such as the Ottawa.

Question 2

Endogenous 3 factors

Answer 2

Economic Base: Detroit’s economy has historically been centered around the automotive industry/rust belt region now. While this has led to wealth and growth, it has also made the city vulnerable to economic downturns.

Topography: Located on a river but also close to the Appalachian Mountains/coalfields, key for their automotive resources such as iron ore. Also many canals. Links to Canada and Great Lakes.

Climate Vulnerability/infrastructure: Detroit faces physical risks from climate change, including increased flooding due to heavy rainfall (being on floodplain) and rising temperatures. The city’s aging infrastructure struggles to manage these environmental challenges, which can exacerbate risks to homes and businesses. Also pollution from old infrastructure.

Question 3

3 exogenous

Answer 3

1. Investment and Funding: Detroit’s economic revitalization depends significantly on external investments. Corporate funding, federal grants, and private investors play a major role in urban development projects, infrastructure improvements, and business growth. Lack of sustained investment can hinder recovery. Previously TNC HQs such as GM.
2. Innovation and Technology: The flow of new ideas, particularly in technology and innovation, from outside the city has the potential to drive growth. Detroit’s ability to attract tech startups and adapt to industries like automation or green energy is influenced by external ideas and trends, especially in sectors beyond its traditional automotive base.
3. Migration of Talent: The influx or outflow of skilled labor and entrepreneurs from other regions impacts Detroit’s economic and social landscape. External migration of educated professionals, particularly to larger tech hubs or other cities with more opportunities, can affect Detroit’s workforce development and economic diversification. Great Migration 1916-70.

Question 4

Old vs young person perspective
Wealthy area vs poorer area

Answer 4

• Older person: An older individual might view Detroit with a sense of pride, recalling the city’s peak during the mid-20th century when it was known as the “Motor City” and a symbol of American industrial strength. They may remember the city’s prosperity, its strong community ties. However, they might also feel frustration over the city’s decline, including economic struggles, depopulation, and urban decay.
• Younger person: A younger person might have a more optimistic or innovative view of Detroit, seeing it as a place of opportunity for reinvention. They could focus on the city’s efforts to revive neighborhoods, attract startups, and foster creative industries. Alternatively, they might be more aware of the city’s challenges, such as poverty or crime, but still see the city as a place where new ideas and youth culture can thrive.
• Wealthy area: A person living in a wealthier part of Detroit, such as the city’s downtown neighborhoods like Palmer Woods, may see the city as a place of opportunity and growth. They might focus on the revitalization efforts, with modern amenities, cultural attractions, and a thriving business district. They may also feel a sense of security and pride in their neighborhood’s stability and economic development.
• Poorer area: Someone from a poorer neighborhood, such as parts of the city’s east side might have a very different view, focusing on the ongoing challenges faced by their community. They could be concerned about issues like unemployment, crime, lack of quality education, and inadequate public services. Their perspective may reflect frustration or a sense of neglect by local government and a desire for better opportunities and improvements in their area.

Question 5

History of Detroit

Answer 5

Detroit’s history is deeply tied to the rise and fall of the automotive industry, social movements, and economic challenges:

Steel belt boom to rust belt region

1. Ford Motors and General Motors:
   
   • 1903: Henry Ford founded Ford Motor Company, revolutionizing the auto industry with the introduction of the assembly line in 1913, which made cars affordable for the average American.
   • 1908: General Motors (GM) was founded by William Durant, becoming a dominant player in the automotive industry.
   • Detroit became the “Motor City,” attracting workers from all over due to the booming automotive sector.
2. Automotive Industry’s Dominance:
   
   • By the 1920s, Detroit was the global center of automobile manufacturing, with Ford, GM, and Chrysler (the “Big Three”) leading the way. This led to rapid industrial growth and wealth for the city.
3. The Great Migration (1916–1970s):
   
   • Between the 1910s and 1970s, millions of African Americans moved from the rural South to urban centers in the North, including Detroit, seeking jobs in industrial sectors. This migration transformed Detroit’s demographic makeup, making it a major African American hub. Partly due to racial tensions too.
4. The Rust Belt and Decline of the Industry:
   
   • From the 1970s onward, Detroit, entered a period of economic decline known as the “Rust Belt.”
   • The decline of the automotive industry, due to foreign competition/ automation,and rising prices of oil due to oil crisis (and cars that needed lots of fuel) led to massive job losses, deindustrialization, and urban decay. Eg Asia Nissan/Toyota. Thomas J Sugrue believes they were too heavily dependent on a single industry and due to high wages being offered by Ford, many didn’t go on to receive diversified, higher education.
5. Race Riots:
   
   • 1943: The Detroit Race Riot occurred, fueled by racial tensions between African Americans and white residents, exacerbated by competition for jobs and housing.
   • 1967: The most infamous riot, “Detroit Riots erupted in response to systemic racial inequality, police brutality, and poor living conditions. This riot led to widespread destruction and was a turning point for race relations in the city.

Detroit’s history is marked by industrial success, significant migration, racial tensions, and economic decline, creating a city now focused on rebirth and reinvention.

Question 6

Population change 1930 to now
Refer to Great Migration

Answer 6

1.8 mil to 630k. White (92%) to mostly black (82%).
Peaked in 1950s.
Brain drain also of black people - 185k 2000-2010

Question 7

Ethnic and minority groups separation/integration

Answer 7

White flight in second half of century when wealthier, white residents moved to suburbs.
More recently by black residents too - could reduce tensions.
8 Mile Road in Detroit is a major thoroughfare that separates the city of Detroit from its northern suburbs. It specifically divides Detroit’s urban neighborhoods from wealthier suburban areas like Grosse Pointe Park marking a socio-economic and racial boundary.
Fortifcation of Grosse Point preventing residents from East Side crossing in 2014. After 5 years, barriers, such as fences, removed.

Question 8

2013 bankruptcy 18 billion. Largest US municipal debt

Answer 8

Fall in tax revenues, rise in crime, population losses.

Question 9

Life expectancy change

Answer 9

Life expectancy in Detroit has decreased over the past few decades, with the average life expectancy in 2020 being around 71 to 74 in the 1990s, reflecting ongoing challenges such as poverty, health disparities, and limited access to healthcare.

Question 10

Education

Answer 10

The student enrollment at Detroit’s public schools has drastically declined to
53k in 2012 from 165k in 2002, according to Michelle A. Zdrodowski, a
spokeswoman for the district. In response, several school buildings have been
shuttered and the area still suffers with low graduation rates/high dropout.
Though, recent investments into education Long-term though.

Question 11

Crime

Answer 11

Detroit was thee crime capital of America, with 7 out of 10 crimes unsolved.
In 2010s, rated as USAs most dangerous city 4 years in a row.
Now, the media over exaggerates it in current days

Question 12

Media: Eminem, Detroit film and Amazon HQ bid

Answer 12

8-mile movie success. Semi-autobiographical. Struggles of becoming successful. Sure! Here’s a quick summary:

The film Detroit (2017)
• Racial injustice and systemic racism
• Abuse of power by police
• Fear and oppression during civil unrest
• The struggle between truth and silence
• Preserving historical memory of the 1967 Detroit riots

It’s a powerful, intense look at real events during a turbulent time in U.S. history.

Amazon is good

Question 13

Maps

Answer 13

1. Early 20th Century (Pre-1940s):
   
   • Detroit’s map was defined by a booming industrial economy, with extensive factory zones, a dense urban area, and neighborhoods built around the automotive industry’s needs, including worker housing and transportation routes.
2. Post-War to 1970s (Suburbanization):
   
   • As the automobile industry expanded, Detroit’s map shifted to show rapid suburbanization, with more residential areas spreading outward. The city’s core began to hollow out as wealthier residents moved to suburbs, leaving industrial areas and neighborhoods in decline.
3. Modern Day (Urban Renewal and Gentrification):
   
   • In recent years, maps of Detroit highlight the focus on downtown revitalization, with new residential, commercial, and mixed-use developments. However, stark contrasts remain, with areas of disinvestment and vacant properties still visible on maps, particularly in east side.

Question 14

Art: 2 contrasting
1980 Chevy Camaro
Diego Rivera 1930s

Answer 14

1980 Chevy Camaro: Shows a Chevy car in a desolate abandoned street with the big city buildings in the background

A powerful piece of art that represents Detroit in the 20th century in a positive light is:

“Detroit Industry Murals” by Diego Rivera (1932–1933)

These massive frescoes, housed in the Detroit Institute of Arts (DIA), celebrate the industrial power of Detroit—particularly the auto industry—and the dignity of labor.

Why it’s a positive representation:
• Rivera portrays factory workers as central heroes of the modern era.
• It emphasizes technological progress, economic vitality, and the city’s global significance during the rise of the auto industry.
• Despite being painted during the Great Depression, it captures a sense of optimism, innovation, and human potential.

Want a quick visual breakdown of the murals or a quote from Rivera about the piece?

Question 15

contrasting ideas

Answer 15

Culture contrasts when the city was the 4th largest in US.
Economic dependency despite thriving.
Race riots/tensions.
Tensions now despite rebranding.

Question 16

Rebranding with hudson’s site

Answer 16

This was needed as it was the crime capital of the USA with high unemployment. Detroit rebranded using non traditional
methods such as podcasts and social media. The aim was to increase tourism through flagships developments (Hudsons
site) and hosting sporting events such as the Superbowl. However, it wasn’t very successful because it widened the
wealth gap and middle-class power in the suburbs as development occurred more outside the city centre

Hudson’s Site in Detroit:
The Hudson’s site, located in downtown Detroit, was once home to the J.L. Hudson Department Store, an iconic landmark that was demolished in 1998. The site has since become a focal point for Detroit’s redevelopment efforts. In 2017, the Hudson’s Site Redevelopment Project was announced, with plans to build a mixed-use skyscraper that would include residential units, office spaces, and a hotel. The development aims to revitalize the area and attract investment, while restoring a key site to its former prominence.

Aim of Rebranding:
The goal of rebranding the Hudson’s site is to position Detroit as a modern, vibrant city capable of attracting investment, talent, and tourism. This development symbolizes Detroit’s shift from a city defined by industrial decline to one that embraces technology, innovation, and urban renewal.

Evaluation of Its Success:
- Positive Aspects: The project has attracted attention and investment, contributing to the ongoing revitalization of downtown Detroit. Construction began in 2020, and the project is expected to significantly boost the local economy by providing jobs and housing.
- Challenges: However, some critics argue that while the project looks promising, it might not address broader issues like poverty and inequality in Detroit’s neighborhoods. Additionally, the focus on high-end development could further contribute to gentrification, potentially displacing lower-income residents.

Overall, the Hudson’s site redevelopment is an important part of Detroit’s urban renewal, but its long-term impact on broader community issues remains to be fully seen.

Detroit has been impacted by the ideas of urban planners which have helped
develop the city, leading to positive reviews by Lonely Planet. This has driven the
tourist industry of Detroit, impacting on its character.

Question 17

History: When was Motown made and give example of band

Answer 17

1959 and Jackson 5. Black soul music and white pop sound to fuse cultures.

Question 18

Where else have immigrants come from recently?

Answer 18

Middle east

Question 19

Regeneration with quicken loans and Dan gilbert. Private investment concentrated in downtown

Answer 19

Key Facts:
• Company: Quicken Loans (now Rocket Mortgage largest in the US)
• Move to Detroit: 2009 (Headquarters relocated to downtown)
• Investment: Over $5.6 billion in real estate and infrastructure
• Jobs: Created thousands of jobs, attracting new businesses and startups with Detroit venture partners. Mainly for the highly skilled
• Urban Renewal: Renovation of historic buildings, improved public transport, and tech hub development
• Community Impact: Funding for small businesses, affordable housing initiatives, and revitalising the neighbourhood. Multiplier, art and beautification

Question 20

How is recovery impacting employment

Answer 20

More jobs for non locals and less for locals

Question 21

Overall conclusion

Answer 21

The lack of public sector investment and reliance on private may only yield short run benefits, unlike Liverpool which may benefit from long run ones. It does seem to be improving though
There needs to be a focus on less segregation but more integration

Question 22

Chinese FDI in Detroit

Answer 22

• Chinese companies have invested in Detroit’s real estate and automotive sectors, purchasing vacant land and abandoned buildings for redevelopment. Part of the Belt Road Initiative

Key Examples:
1. Dongdu International (DDI) – Bought over 30 properties in Detroit, including the historic Detroit Free Press building.

2.	China’s Investment in Belle Isle – Interest in transforming parts of the city into a trade hub for Chinese businesses.

Impact:
✔ Revitalisation – Foreign investment has helped restore abandoned buildings and boost business activity.
✔ Job Creation – Increased employment in real estate and automotive sectors.
✘ Unequal Benefits – Investment is focused on profitable areas, while poorer communities see little change.
✘ Foreign Ownership Concerns – Some locals worry about Detroit’s assets being controlled by foreign investors rather than benefiting local residents.

Question 23

What was declared, positively, in 2022

Answer 23

Number 1 startup ecosystem

Question 24

Population rose when? (Recently)

Answer 24

2022 for first time since 1950s

Question 25

Mayor Mike Duggan (NOT MARK)

Answer 25

28 mile loop for amenity around the local river Blight Removal and Housing Redevelopment because it’s a clear example of urban regeneration with measurable impacts. Blight Removal and Housing Redevelopment in Detroit One of Mike Duggan’s major initiatives has been tackling blight—the widespread abandonment and decay of buildings following Detroit’s economic decline. * Demolition Program: Since taking office, Duggan has overseen the demolition of over 20,000 abandoned homes to remove unsafe structures and improve neighborhoods. * Rehabilitation Efforts: Some houses were saved through programs like “Detroit Land Bank Authority”, which sells abandoned homes at low prices for renovation. * Impact: This has improved safety, increased property values, and encouraged new investment in communities. * Challenges: Critics argue that demolitions have disproportionately affected Black communities and that more should be done for affordable housing.

Question 26

Poems Courageous dreams concern 2008 Jack White Detroit decay 2017 Elizabeth Squires Detroit

Answer 26

1. “Courageous Dream’s Concern” by Jack White (2008) In this heartfelt poem, musician Jack White expresses his enduring affection for Detroit, despite relocating to Nashville. Published in the Detroit Free Press, the poem serves as a tribute to the city’s resilience and cultural significance. Themes: * Enduring Love for Detroit: White reminisces about personal experiences and acknowledges the city’s ongoing struggles, particularly the economic difficulties amplified by the housing crisis. * Resilience and Hope: Despite challenges, he concludes with a hopeful message, celebrating Detroit’s ability to rise from adversity. Excerpt: “Detroit, you hold what one’s been seeking, 2. “Detroit Decay” by Jewel M C (2017) Contrastingly, “Detroit Decay” offers a stark portrayal of the city’s decline, focusing on urban decay and the sense of abandonment felt by its residents. Themes: * Urban Decay: The poem vividly describes the deterioration of Detroit’s infrastructure and neighborhoods. * Excerpt: “Potholes sprinkled across empty Detroit streets like bullet holes This piece captures the desolation and longing for a bygone era, highlighting the challenges faced by the community amidst economic hardship. Elizabeth Squires; Midst ruin and despair, streets that are so mean, on the edge of death

Question 27

Essay

Answer 27

Media representations of Detroit often foreground decline, focusing on derelict buildings, crime, and the 2013 bankruptcy. Documentaries like Detropia and international photojournalism depict a post-industrial wasteland, reinforcing a narrative of failure. While these images reflect real structural issues—such as a 60% population loss since 1950 and uneven urban decay—they erase the complexity of lived experience. In reality, Detroit contains multitudes: Midtown and Corktown have seen tech investment, art-led regeneration, and a booming Black-owned business scene. Initiatives like the Detroit Black Community Food Security Network and the Heidelberg Project reflect grassroots resilience largely ignored by mainstream media. Crime is often exaggerated and uncontextualised, failing to reflect spatial variance across the city. Meanwhile, local media and resident-led social platforms offer counter-narratives—capturing daily life through community events, mutual aid, and cultural expression. Thus, while the media’s lens captures fragments of truth, it distorts the whole. Representations are not false, but selectively curated, offering a reductive view of a deeply layered urban reality.