Dev Bio Cumulative

Question 1

Increase in [shh] and decrease in [BMP] leads to

Answer 1

Ventral identity

Question 2

Decrease in [shh] and increase in [BMP] leads to

Answer 2

Dorsal identity

Question 3

The specific output in an area (in terms of the vertebrate neural tube) is selected by repressive/suppressive input provided by shh-induced transcription factors that allow the progenitors to adopt a definitive identity from several options.
True/False

Answer 3

True.

Question 4

In the neural tube, the normal gradient of proteins is (from “top” to “bottom”):

Answer 4

Olig2
——–
NKX

Question 5

No shh in neural tubes means:

Answer 5

Pax6
——–
Pax6

Conclusion: shh leads to olig2 expression

Question 6

No Olig2 in neural tubes leads to:

Answer 6

NKX
——-
NKX

Conclusion:
Shh -> NKX
AND
Olig2 –| NKX

Question 7

Caudal and Hunchback mRNA present in every “region” at all times during gradient forming portion of early embryo life of drosophila. Only the protein products themselves are region specific. (This is in terms of Acron/Head/Thorax/Abd/Telson)

True or False

Answer 7

True

Hunchback mRNA is everywhere in the early embryo during this process. Hunchback PROTEIN however is only abundant in anterior portions and declines as it pushes towards posterior.

Question 8

What protein controls formation of the terminal ends of early drosophila development?

Answer 8

Torso. No Torso = (Head/Thorax/Abdomen)

Question 9

Formation of the neural crest cells is induced by the signaling molecule…

Answer 9

BMP

Question 10

In terms of neural crest cell migration, cells that migrate through the dorsal pathway will eventually reside in the ____ and form ____.

Answer 10

Skin cells, pigment cells

Question 11

Cells that follow the ventral pathway, in terms of the neural crest, form the _______.

Answer 11

Autonomic nervous system

Question 12

Cells of the vagal-sacral neural crest produce the neurotransmitter…

Answer 12

Acetylcholine

Question 13

Failure of the sacra-neutral crest migration into the posterior gut often leads to a constriction of the bowel, a defect called ___________________.

Answer 13

Hirschsprung Disease
This is due to a failure of proper nerve formation in the bowels as a result of the defect.

Question 14

Trunk neural crest cells will migrate through the ______

Answer 14

Somites

Question 15

Neural crest cells are stationary. True or False

Answer 15

False. NEURAL CREST CELLS ARE -VERY- MIGRATORY.

Question 16

Null bicoid (in drosophila) leads to

Answer 16

Missing anterior parts with termini and abdomen still developed.
(Acron/Abdomen/Telson)

Question 17

Null -nanos (in drosophila) leads to:

Answer 17

Missing abdomen. Telson remains

Question 18

Null torso (in drosophila) leads to:

Answer 18

Missing termini. (Head/Thorax/Abdomen)

Question 19

Orthologue:

Answer 19

Structure or sequence that represents the functional map across species. I.e; Hemoglobin

Question 20

Paralogue:

Answer 20

Duplicate or similar structure in the SAME species. Ex: Hemoglobin vs Myoglobin

Question 21

Posterior prevalence:

Answer 21

Posterior Hox genes that are expressed in anterior segments will yield or adopt a posterior fate.

Question 22

Praderwilli Syndrome:

Question 23

Angelman Syndrome:

Question 24

Bicoid protein supresses…

Answer 24

Caudal. Bicoid protein binds to caudal mRNA at the 3’UTR and prevents ribosomal binding/transcription at the 5’UTR of caudal as a result.