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Developmental Psychobiology > Dev Bio Psych > Flashcards

Dev Bio Psych Flashcards

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1
Q

Endoderm

A

Yellow

Lining of internal organs

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2
Q

Mesoderm

A

Red

Bones and muscles

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3
Q

Ectoderm

A

Blue

The nervous system and skin

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4
Q

Neurulation

A

Process of folding the neural tube and neural crest (6 weeks pregnant)

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5
Q

Neural tube ..

A

Becomes the CNS

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6
Q

Neural crest

A

Becomes the PNS

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7
Q

Somites

A

Vertebrae

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8
Q

Neural tube deficits

Spina fida

A

Deficit in neural tube closure at the caudal (lower) end . Bump on spine

  • 5% prevalence
  • Leg weakness and paralysis
  • orthopedic abnormalities
  • bladder and bowel control problems
  • executive function
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9
Q

Neural tube deficits

anencephaly

A

Deficit in neural tube closure at the rostral (close to brain) { no fully developed head}

  • blind, deaf, unable to feel pain
  • brainstem but little if no cerebrum
  • hours to days of life
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10
Q

Neural tube deficits

Encephalocele

A

Opening on rostral end { bump/ opening of the skull}

Craniofacial abnormalities or other brain malformations

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11
Q

Neural tube deficits

folic acids

A
  • Should be taken before the mother plans to conceive a child
  • increase folic acid can help reduce some birth defects like a cleft palate
  • folic acid is found in foods such as spinach
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12
Q

Hindbrain

Know overall function

A

Hindbrain develops into:
Cerebellum- balance
Pons- sleep and respiration, relay formation
Medulla= autonomic function: breathing, heart rate and blood pressure

Together they support bodily vital processes

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13
Q

Midbrain

A

Midbrain develops into basic relationships control of movement and sensory systems:
Colliculi - vision and hearing
Central tegmental area(VTA) and substantia nigra = motor control

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14
Q

Forebrain

A

Forebrain develops into :
Cerebrum
Thalamus and hypothalamus
Limbic system

Two cerebral hemispheres - perception, awareness, cognition

Cerebral cortex = cortical (4 lobes)
•higher cognitive function
• sensory info
•Pfc (prefrontal cortex)

White matter
Corpus callosum- is part of the mind that allows communication between two hemispheres of the brain. Responsible for transmitting neural messages between both right and left hemisphere.

Limbic system= memory, motivation and emotion

  • hippocampus(memory)
  • amygdala(emotion and fear)
  • cingulate cortex ( emotional integration, gambling, OCD.

Hypothalamus and thalamus = sensor relay and homeostasis

Striatum= motor and rewards systems

Optic vesicles = retina, optic nerves

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15
Q

Neural migration

A

Radial migration
Radial migration- migration of baby neuurons move along radial glia from the ventricle zone outwards

Green is “baby” neurons = neural precursors
Neural precursors migrating across radial glia

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16
Q

1st trimester in pregnancy

A

1-12 weeks; period of dividing zygote, implantation and bilaminiar embryo( not susceptible to teratogens) heart, eyes, ears, limbs, teeth , palate, ears, external genitalia form
• faint brain waves and brain grows half the size of the body

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17
Q

2nd trimester in pregnancy

A

13-27 weeks
•baby is viable at 20-23 weeks (considered still born)
21 weeks = voluntary motor movement
24 weeks= breathing, crying
• gyri, Sulci- rapid development of the fissures and convolutions in the cerebral hemisphere ( complex thinking)
Systems are not mature enough for survival ( surfactin - material that enables the lungs to transmit oxygen from the air to the fetal bloodstream)
• viability = a point in fetal Development at which the fetus may survive outside the womb

• preterm birth ( before 37 weeks), 5-18% of all deliveries 
Survival rates 
23 weeks- 15%
24 weeks- 55% 
25 weeks- 80%

46% had severe or moderate disabilities ( cerebral palsy, vision or hearing loss and learning problems), 20% no disabilities

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18
Q

3rd trimester in pregnancy

A

28-41 weeks

System refinement

  • body fat increase drastically
    •likelihood of survival is higher
    Before 37 weeks = preterm
    After 42 weeks = postterm
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19
Q

Aneuploidy vs inherited disorders

A

Aneuploidy - missing or extra chromosomes
- trisomy, monosomy

Inherited disorders = caused by gene mutation
- sickle cell, cystic fibrosis, Tay- Sachs disease
• both parents are carriers of the gene

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20
Q

Prenatal screening tests

A

Chances that the fetus has aneuploidy or select inherited disorders
• Carrier screening= carrier for an inherent disorder
• prenatal genetic screening= blood tests and ultrasound exams

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21
Q

Prenatal diagnosis tests

A

Can better determine if the fetus actually has the disorder

A. Amniocentesis
• amniotic fluid/ cells

B. Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Placenta cells

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22
Q

First screening

A

10-13 weeks
A. Ultrasound screening
• fetal viability, number of fetuses
• placental position, gestational dating
• nuchal translucency screening ( looking for thickness of the space behind the neck)
• more space behind neck = Down syndrome
Down syndrome( trisomy 21; T21) , trisomy 18(T18)
- linked into physical defects in heart, abdominal wall, skeleton

Maternal serum screening = double test!( blood test)

•HCG ( human chorionic gonadotropin) = pregnancy hormone

PAPPA -(blood test)
Low levels = T21, placenta issues ( fetal death, low birth weight, preeclampsia)

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23
Q

Viability

A

23 weeks vs 25 weeks= almost half had severe or moderate disabilities
• a point in fetal development at which the fetus may survive outside the womb
• infant can be born at 23 wks and survive with a lot of medical attention
Survival rates: 23 weeks 15%
Survival rates: 25 weeks 80%

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24
Q

Second screening

A

15-22 weeks
A.ultrasound screening non-invasive
•Down syndrome, trisomy 18, neural tube deficits
• alpha- fetiprotein (AFP)
•HCG
•estriol (UE3)
•dimeric inhibin A (DIA) optional!
• physical defects: spine, facial features, abdomen, heart , limbs
• neural tube deficits: hydrocephalus, anencephaly

b. Maternal serum screening= quad test
* AFP( alpha-fetoprotein)
• tested for in maternal serum screening quad test blood test in second trimester

**HCG(human chorionic gonadotropin)
• pregnancy hormone tested for in the maternal serum screening
• double test blood test in first trimester

*** Ue3 (estriol)
Tested for in the maternal serum screening quad test blood test in second trimester
• Down syndrome (T21) - 81% accuracy without ultrasound
- high levels of HCG/inhibitin A
-low levels of AFP/ Ue3
• trisomy 18
-low levels of hcg/ inhibitin A/AFP/Ue3

** DIA(inhibin A) (optional) tested for in maternal serum screening quad test blood test in second trimester
• Down syndrome (T21)-81% accuracy without ultrasound
-high levels of HCG/inhibin A
- low levels of AFP/ Ue3
• trisomy 18
- low levels of HCG inhibitin A/ AFP/UE3

C. Down syndrome (T21)
•81% accuracy without ultrasound
•high levels of HCG/inhibitin A
•low levels of AFP/ UE3

D. Trisomy 18 low levels of HCG/ inhibitin A/AFP/UE3

E. Neural tube defects
• high levels of AFP
• multiple gestation, or underestimation if gestational age

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25
``` Vaginal delivery (Pros and cons) ```
Pros: -less lung problems in infant Cons: -fluid in lungs ,pulmonary hypertension Less likely: - asthma, food allergies, lactose issues - postpartum pain * breastfeed quicker, more effective * bonding * anxiety, emotions ``` Known complications • complications to Mom and baby -physical trauma ( tears, bleeding, etc) • medical complications -high blood pressure, pre- eclampsia - gestational diabetes -placenta previa or placental abruption ``` • induction - prostaglandin, oxytocin - rupture membrane “ water breaking” • cesarean surgery - 32% of all births in the US is via C- section - risks - convenience
26
Cesarean surgery | Pros and cons
* c-section * control and convenience * lower risk of hemorrhage & injury • major surgery -complications, anesthesia, blood loss Mother risk: - heart attacks. Blood clots, infection - hysterectomy, numbness, pain - later placental problems Baby risk of lung infections/ issues • bonding & breastfeeding
27
3 stages of labor
``` Stage 1: Early labor vs active labor • hours to days •contractions every 5 minutes • cervix dilates to about 10 cm ``` Stage 2: Birthing/pushing • minutes to hours • contractions and pushing moves the baby farther down the vagina • painful contractions, most positive part of labor • baby is born ``` Stage 3: Placenta •< 20 minutes • placenta separates from the uterine wall and is expelled • estrogen and progesterone levels drop ```
28
Apgar score
``` -> 0-10 ( how good is the baby doing ) • appearance • pulse • grimace • activity • respiration ```
29
Postpartum blues ( baby blues) ( realization of having a baby)
up to 80% of women •short-lasting change in mood • usually occurs during first 2 weeks after childbirth • experiences by about half of new mothers • symptoms include: crying, sadness. Insomnia , irritability , anxiety, and lack of confidence • “baby pinks” - manic episode ex: mother would clean the whole house and make dinner up to 3 weeks
30
Postpartum depression (15%)
``` • intense/ serious disorder - extreme sadness. Exhaustion, sleep disturbances, despair, lack of interest in enjoyable activities, loss of interest in the baby, feelings of guilt • develops within 6 months postpartum • lasts months • hormonal changes • social factors - stress -economic status, fewer resources - social support ``` • higher PPD in lesbian and African American women 25% Lowest in Asian American 11%
31
Aneuploidy
Aneuploidy- change in chromosome number • loss/ addition during mitosis/ meiosis A. Nullisomy: loss of homologous chromosomes • 21 autosomes B. Monosomy: loss of a single chromosome from a pair • one allele copy C. Trisomy: addition of a single chromosome to a pair • three chromosomes
32
Down’s syndrome | chromosome, maternal age, physical and behavioral phenotypes, older age and lifespan
* Chromosome: trisomy in chromosome 21 (T21) * Maternal age: > 45 = 3% * Physical and behavioral phenotypes - intellectual disabilities - mild (IQ50-69) or moderate (ID 35-50) - better language understanding than production - short stature, stocky - enlarged head - large tongue, tonsils - sleep apnea •Older age - Alzheimer’s diseases - 15% at 40 years - 50-70% at 60 years • lifespan 50-55 - heart problems or infect
33
Tay- Sachs disease
* damage to nervous system * single mutation on chromosome 15 * HEX A - breaks down lipids - toxic buildup of fat in the brain •Damage to nervous system - destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord • symptoms - loss of motor abilities - deaf, blind - death and 4-8 - hydrocephalus & lesion
34
Sickle cell anemia | hemoglobin, symptoms, ethnicity, malaria
SNP on chromosome 11 • affects hemoglobin( red blood cells ) - crescent-shaped, rigid, fragile ``` • symptoms (6 months) - anemia - jaundice - abdominal/ joint pain = red blood cell obstruction - renal/ heart failure ``` • ethnicity - African- Americans 10% = 1-600 births - western/ central Africa • malaria - heterozygous carriers
35
Cystic fibrosis | Cftr gene, symptoms, ethnicity
Mutation in chromosome 7 • cftr gene -production of sweat, digestive fluids, mucus •symptoms - no cure - lung/ pancreas dysfunction - stressful - interferes with other types of development •ethnicity 1 our of 3200 births ( Caucasian) 1 our of 15,000 births ( African- American)
36
Fragile X syndrome | phenotype, males, autism
Phenotype - single codon repeat on X • makes - 1 our of 2000 makes - more severe in males • autism 1/3 similar to autism ( social interactions and delayed speech )
37
Cats cry syndrome | phenotype
Poor eye control , asymmetrical faces short stature
38
Prader-willi syndrome | distinct phenotypical phases, treatment
Distinct phenotypical stages: - prenatal 2 years: slow growth poor muscle tone, small hands. And small feet 2-5 years: physical weakness • treatment ( no cure) Growth hormones , parent/ education counseling, diet/ nutrition, academic/ social programs, cognitive behavioral therapy
39
Taste, smell
Evident in newborns | Well developed by 1 year of age
40
Vision
Develops with brain 3-4 months= brightness, focus, primary colors 9 months= see small objects 1 year= track objects
41
Gross / fine motor control
• gross/ fine motor control- > emerged by year 2 - crawling, walking, grasping, etc... - coordination of movements, explore environment • years 2-6-> play years - basic motor, perceptual,social, emotional skills - enhance strength * years 6-12-> additional physical growth, coordination * puberty-> rapid, uneven growth - height, weight, fat, muscles, organs - hormone surge
42
Synaptic plasticity
Ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken overtime, in response to increases or decreases in their activity
43
Language
A. Newborns • head orientation to mothers voice • vocalizations B. 12-18 months • true words • imitations C. Holophrases - food - me - up D. School age • 8,000 words • sentences, grammar, tense E. Late childhood ( abstraction, attention, metacognition) • growth into abstraction -> encouraged by reading/ writing • selective attention -> complex stimuli, problem solving • metacognition -> thinking about thinking - learning about task difficulty, problem-solving
44
Temperament
Behavioral/ personality tendencies A. Newborns • can be seen in newborns - activity, reaction intensity, approach behavior, fussiness • nature vs nurture B. Binding/ attachment • through close physical contact •oxytocin •occurs throughout life
45
Bonding/ attachment
Through close physical contact Oxytocin Occurs throughout life
46
Emotions
Attachment - parent interaction • parent -child interaction -> sights. Sounds. Smells • secure vs anxious / insecure attachment - quality of care/ marriage, parent loss/ illness etc
47
Socialization
A. Learning values , behaviors of a culture • learning healthy social interactions with peers , authority figures • 8 months + - social referencing -> attractiveness to social cues - self awareness by year 2 - leads to self- regulation • school years -> social cognition - interactions with peer groups, learn social rules B. Social norms/ expectations • meeting developmental milestones • developmental disabilities delay/ interfere in this - direct effects - secondary effects
48
Developmental disabilities | onset, serverity, permenance
A. Onset: must originate in early life (3 years of age) - or before 21 years of age for an injury Severity- must be severe enough to interfere with long term normal function - independence -> self- care, self- direction, independent living, mobility, finances - learning, social communication Permanence: must persist throughout life - epilepsy, ADHD sometimes “ go away”
49
Placenta
``` Placenta- filtering system, nutrients Placenta jam or a perfect filter Similar to blood brain barrier Drugs/ alcohol Medication Teratogens ```
50
Teratogens
Interrupt normal physiological development | - chemicals, metals, radiation, viruses, bacteria, drugs, maternal stresses
51
4 main endpoints of teratogenic action
1. Death of embryo/ fetus 2. Birth defects/ malformations 3. Fetal growth defeciency, premature births 4. Postnatal functional issues- cognitive , social, behavioral, emotional • teratogens -> specific effects va general effects
52
Target access
Direct and indirect routes • direct= through maternal tissue • indirect= through maternal blood
53
Genetic determination
Susceptibility varies with species | • animal models are not perfect
54
Critical periods:
Time of exposure is important • early stages be late stages of development 2-16 weeks
55
Mechanisms of action ( what a teratogens can do)
Genetic mutations, chromosomal abnormalities
56
Dose-effect relationship
Linear relationship between teratogens amount and impairment
57
Delayed effects
No observable effects at births | • usually affects sexual development
58
Rubella
German measles= virus • children/ non- pregnant adults - mild rash. Low fever , no damage • early pregnancy 8 weeks 4 weeks ->50% risk 12 weeks 6% risk ``` Symptoms Heart defects Growth retardation Cataracts deafness altered brain development Microcephaly ``` Treatment No cure Treat symptoms fluids rest, meds Nsaids
59
Cytomegalovirus ( herpes)
Most common prenatal infection 23/1000 births Primary infection, deactivation • transmission through bodily fluids - placenta, birth, breast milk • first trimester = fatal ``` Symptoms 10-15% Growth retardation Cerebral palsy Deafness Intellectual disabilities Delayed effects ``` •Treatment -non-pregnant =DNA inhibitors Pregnant- none, prevention, immune boosters, termination
60
Chicken pox
Childhood= no lasting effects Pregnant women -first trimester 20% •symptoms - brain damage=hydrocephaly, microcephaly - intellectual disabilities -muscle atrophy, limb abnormalities, scarring Treatment-> anti-viral drugs 30% risk 1/3 adults Many people over 85
61
Toxoplasmosis
Parasite that comes specifically from the cat stool pregnant women should never change kitty litter Animal tissue, fur, stool Pregnant women (3%) • symptoms= congenital toxoplasmosis - microcephaly, hydrocephaly - intellectual disabilities, visual defects( retina) Treatment antibiotic
62
Influenza ( fever)
Influenza -> virus * miscarriage , low birth weigh * maternal fever - altered organ development in embryo/fetus - neural tube defects - high body temperature?? - increased risk of bipolar and or schizophrenia Treatment- treat symptoms ,anti- viral, vaccinations

Developmental Psychobiology (1 decks)

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