Dev disorders of communication Flashcards
(17 cards)
1
Q
Disorders of communication
A
- Impaired ability to receive, send + process verbal, non-verbal systems
- Evidence in process of hearing, lang and or speech
- Range in serverity
- Dev or acquired
- Demonstration one or combo
- Result in primary diability or secondary to other disabilities
2
Q
Developmental Lang Disorder (DLD)
A
- Lang understanding + use are under control by age 5 in typically dev children
- Key milestones have been achieved
- Sub-systems involved in lang comprehension: Semantics, Morphology (tense), syntax, phonology (sound system), pragmatics (used in social context)
- Nation (2008)
3
Q
Key features + diagnostic criteria in DLD
A
- Formely reffered to as Specific Lang Impairement (SLI)
- Problem with lang dev
- Lang abilities below age expectation
- Poor verbal reasoning
- Non-verbal reasoning ok
- No other dev issues
- Hidden disability often unrecognised
- Diagnosis by eliminaation
- Bishop (2006)
4
Q
modularity view - DLD
A
- Dofor (1981) - modularity view: lang is stand alone, human-specific daculty
- Evidence comes from DLD
5
Q
How specific is DLD
A
- Comparatively greater impairment in lang
- Can co-occur with other disorders (comorbidity)
- Sometimes difficult t0 distinguish from Autism
- Norbury et al –> some features overlap with autism, bu tautism has 3 areas of dev affected: communication, social interaction, repetitve beh
6
Q
Biological causes of DLD
A
- 60% have affected family member
- 38% have affected parent
- Twin study - Bishop
- No single genetic anomaly, despite FOXP2 literature
- Possible differences in brain structure (grey matter density)
- seen as most likely explanation of DLD
7
Q
Socio-environmental causes of DID
A
- Rarely mentioned but assocaitions found
- Factors increasing DLD symptoms
- Mild assoc with low lang exposure + less interactive env
- Correlated woth socio-economic status + ed dev
- Difficult to tell causes from consequences
8
Q
Cognitive causes of DLD
A
- DLD isn’t linguistic disorder but secondary consequence of cog deficits
- Difficulty holding info in WM leading to weak contextual integration (Gathercole + Baddeley)
- bishop et al - children have problem with STM ohonological, repetition of words harder when longer
- Problems with non-verbal reasoning also seen
9
Q
Auditory processing disorder
A
- Leads to communication problems but are receptive not linguistic
- Reported listening problems but pass hearing tests
- Common complaint = difficulties understanding speech in noisy or fast
- Share symptoms of DLD but assoc with poo speech perception/production + impaired learning (Tallal)
- Symptoms appear in: hearing impairement, learning disabilities, ADHD, DLD, Depression
- Co-occurance of disorder = comorbidity
10
Q
APD + Auditory Temporal processing impaired
A
- Tallal: impaired - struggle with rapid changes in sound, gap detection
- Many sounds differ on fine temporal contrast
- Fine temporal resolution critical for distinguishins voice onset time
- Tallal, Merzenich et al found auditory temporal discrimination training leads to improved speech perception + lang comprehension
- Not all children struggle with temporal processing
11
Q
Causes of APD - Higher level brain abnormalities (CNS)
A
- Problem beyond auditory nerve; brainstem, sub-cortical + cortical structures
- Where info about sound features is extracted
12
Q
Causes of APD - Auditory problems are secondary
A
- Arises because of limitations with attention (Moore et al, 2010), memory or lang
- Reducible problem with cog
- Many children also do poor lang or literacy
- Maybe its a consequence of lang delays
- Debate as to whether its a distinctive disorder - not in DSM but is in ICD
13
Q
Speech Disorders
A
- Result from impaired motor control system or phonological planning
- Not lang impairement but may co-occur (comorbidity)
- Other oral movements may be impaired (chewing, smiling)
14
Q
Speech disorders - Apraxia
A
- Impairements of motor control of articulators
- Problems moving planning
- Inability transorming intact phonological representations into coordinated movement
- Muscle physiology intact
- Slow speech, sound distortions, difficulties initiating speech, inability to say some sounds + inconsistent errors
- caused by neurologial damage to left frontal cortex surroung Brocas area
15
Q
Speech disorders - Phonological impairment
A
- Impaired ohonological planning or representation
- Articulation intact - no motor control problems
- More common than apraxia
- Sound substitutes, pronounced sounds accurate, speech rate unimpaired, consistent errors, easier to correct
- Unknown cause
16
Q
Speech disorders - Treatment
A
- Slowing down speech + inserting pauses
- Exaggerating movement of lips + tongue
- Saying same target sounds in words + sentences
- Increasing loudness (apraxia)
- LSVT LOUD - Lee Silverman Voice Treatment : was PD patient, emphasises loudness + breathing, treats PD + apraxia
17
Q
Speech Disorder - Treatment study
A
- Raming et al (2018)
- RCT
- 1 month intervention
- 3 groups of parients with motor speech disorder following PD
1) LSVT LOUD (voice loudness training)
2) LVST ARTIC (conventional articulation training)
3) UNTXPD (PD untreated) - Measures loudness + self-report of communication effectiveness after + follow-up
- LVST LOUD more effective than LSVT ARTIC
- Evidence of long term benefits
