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Dev't of thought Flashcards

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1
Q

Dr. Barbara Ross

A

First American PhD awarded on the basis of a dissertation on the history of Psychology

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2
Q

Descartes

A

body of man as a machine which will move and behave in predictable ways if we know what the “inputs” are;
man has a soul which decided the actions of the body

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3
Q

Le Mettrie

A

man was altogether a machine, dependent in mind as in body upon physical events.

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4
Q

Problem areas in early psychology

A
  1. Mind-body problem
  2. Physiology of Perception
  3. Reaction-time problem
  4. Individual differences
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5
Q

Philosophical Solutions to the Mind-Body Problem

A

Dualism, monism and compromises

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6
Q

Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmhotz

A

Physiology of Perception

All knowledge depends on sense experience

Theory of hearing

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7
Q

Who founded the first experimental laboratory

A

Wilhelm wundt

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8
Q

This causes the birth of experimental psychology

A

The reaction-time problem

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9
Q

Sir Francis Galton

A

Pioneered in the dev. of both statistics and the study of individual differences

Initiated the interest in psychological testing

reason why there is statistics in psychology

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10
Q

System

A

> a set of very general statements that serves as a supertheory.

	> a framework or scaffolding which 			permits the scientist to arrange his 		data in an orderly and meaningful 		way
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11
Q

Psychological systems

A

establishes a framework or orientation within which psychologists can work in relating the events which they consider to be psychological

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12
Q

Theory

A

a hypothesis that has received a considerable amount of empirical support ( Warren, 1934);
> a proposition/group of laws from which a large number of empirical observations can be deduced;
> should be based on some empirical data or facts which are already known from observation

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13
Q

Model vs. Theory vs. Metatheory

A

Model
> provides more specific guidelines for the empirical research;
Theory
> claims to be true, even though assurance about the validity of these claims vary greatly;
Metatheory
> provides general guidelines for the kind of theory to be developed.

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14
Q

Jean Etinne Dominique Esquirol

A

paved the way for psychological testing

assessment

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15
Q

Founder of Associationism

A

David Harley

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16
Q

David Harley

A

Founder of Associationism

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17
Q

Aristotle’s influence to associationism

A

items which are similar/opposite or contiguous tend to be associated with one another

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18
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

First major figure in associationism

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19
Q

Association by contiguity

A

if an idea has previously been followed by another idea, it would tend to lead to the contiguous idea

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20
Q

John Locke

A

Tabula Rasa/ father of British empiricism

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21
Q

Primary and secondary qualities

A

Primary qualities, refers to properties inhere in the body(solidity, figure, number)

Secondary qualities - do not belong to objects but were considered functions of the mind (color sounds, taste)

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22
Q

George Berkeley

A

Locke’s intellectual successor

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23
Q

David Humme

A

Introduced principle of cause and effect

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24
Q

David Humme’s 3 principle of association

A

Principle of causation, resemblance and contiguity

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25
Thomas Brown
secondary principles of association
26
James Mill
Law of association
27
Law of association by James Mill
Simple ideas coalesced to form more complex one, Through time, they become so consolidated it became a single idea, Singe idea coalesced by another idea they become more complex ideas
28
John Stuart Mill
Power of expectation to the human mind
29
Alexander bain
Associationism, founded first psychological journal titled mind, have 5 laws of associationism 1. Principle of similarity 2. Princple of contiguity 3. Principle of summation 4. Principle of creativity 5. Principle of effect
30
Alexande Bain's Principle of Similarity
One though tends to elicit anothe with like properties
31
Alexande Bain's Principle of contiguity
occur close together temporarily or spatially tends to be learned
32
Alexande Bain's Principle of summation
associations that are individually too weak to operate the revival of a past idea, may succeed by acting together
33
Alexande Bain's Principle of creativity
mind has the power to form new combinations
34
Alexande Bain's Principle of effect
strenght of associations depends upon the consequences which followed their occurence
35
Hermann Ebbinghaus
made the first thoroughly empirical study of association/ learning
36
OPERANT CONDITIONING PRINCIPLES
Any response that is followed by a reinforcing stimulus tends to be repeated
37
EXTINCTION
Tendency of previously acquired reponse to become progressively weakened upon nonreinforcement
38
DISCRIMINATIVE OPERANT
Cue
39
REINFORCEMENT
- The strengthening of a response by adding an increment of habit strength - Increasing the probability of a response - rewards a person
40
Positive punishment
Decrease the likelihood of undesirable behavior reoccuring by adding an unfavorable consequence
41
Negative punishment
decrease the likelihood of an undesirable behavior reoccurring by taking something favorable away
42
Schedule of reinforcement
Continues - reinforced for every response | Intermittent - more resistant to extinction
43
Intermittent schedule of reinforcement
Fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed interval, vairable interval
44
Weakest among Intermittent schedule of reinforcement
Variable-ratio and vairable interval
45
VLADIMIR M. BEKHTEREV
most significant contribution: motor conditioned response
46
Edward Lee Thorndike
known for his early work on animal learning typified by his famous experiments on cats in puzzle boxes
47
Fundamental principles of trial and error learning
Law of effect and law of exercise
48
Thorndike law of effect
other things being equal, those bonds or associations which lead to a satisfying state of affairs are stamped in; and those that lead to a dissatisfying/annoying state of affairs are stamped out
49
Thorndike law of exercise
, those associations or bonds which are practiced or exercised are stamped in and those which are not used fade out
50
Thorndike Theory of Transfer of Learning
the greater the number of identical elements, the greater the transfer of efficiency from one task to another
51
Thorndike belongingness
items which naturally go together are more easily learned than those which are merely placed together without any relationship to each other
52
Edwin R. Guthrie
Law of acquisition a combination of stimuli which has been accompanied by a movement will on its recurrence tend to be followed by that movement
53
Structuralism
Analytic study of the generalized adult normal human mind through introspection
54
Franz Brentano
Psychological processes become significant only when they are thought of as acts - Act psychology
55
Wilhem Wundt
Structuralism Father of new experimental psychology, Father of psychology
56
Wilhem Wund perspective in psychology
study of the immediate experiences or consciousness
57
Carl Stumpf
First psychologist of music
58
G.E. Mueller
Major work in field of memory and psychological methodology in vision
59
G.E. Mueller' retroactive inhibition:
new learning interferes with old learning
60
Oswald Kulpe
Structuralism concern of Psychology should be with the dependence of experience upon the experiencing organism
61
Edward Bradford Titchener
Founder of structuralism
62
Coined the term Empathy
Edward Bradford Titchner
63
Focus of structuralism
1. Elements of consciousness, attention, perception, context theory of meaning, emotion
64
Elements of consciousness
All elements present at any one moment
65
3 basic classes of consciousness
1. sensation, images, affections
66
Attributes of basic elements of experience
Quality, intensity, duration and clearness
67
Stages of attention
Naive, involuntary attention, voluntary (secondary attention, purposeful focusin) derived, primary or habital attention
68
Focus of structuralism - perception
giving meaning to sensations
69
Emotions
effective aspect of experience
70
2 methods of studying emotions
Ia. Impression:involves making comparisons; b. Expression: involves measuring bodily changes --- breathing, etc., that accompanied the affective experience.
71
Functionalism
relationship between functions and roles and importance of different part of brain
72
William james
Functionalism, positive program, consciousness, James-lange Theory of emotion
73
William James - positive program
Human beings must be considered in their adaptation and readaptation to the environment.
74
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
emotional experience is the result of the visceral changes arising from the individual’s reacting to an emotion- provoking experience.
75
Granville Stanley Hall
first president of the American Psychological Association (APA)
76
Alfred binet
Functionalism, First individually administered intelligence test binet-simon test
77
James Mckeen Cattel
coined the term mental test | established the Psychological Corporation
78
Charles E. Spearman
Functionalism, general intelligence or g factor, pioneer of factor analysis
79
Charles E. Spearman 2 factor theory of intelligence
Overriding intelligence 0 general intelligence- iheritance, specific facotr (s) competence in a specific subject
80
John Carlyle Raven
develop a test with two components of g (Spearman): * eductive (meaning making); and * reproductive ability
81
John Dewey
viewed behavior as a total coordination which adapted the organism to a situation
82
James Rowland Angell
Functionalism might be considered as the Psychology of 1. mental operations; 2. of the fundamental utilities of consciousness; and 3. of psychophysical relations
83
Motives - Robert S. Woodworth
directive forces that determine what we do
84
Robert S. Woodworth
Concept of Mechanism
85
Psychoanalysis
proponent - Sigmund Freud, We must not only focus on the conscious What are thrown in unconscious, came from younger days, fear
86
Behaviourism
Psychology should focus on what can be observe or seen If it can not be seen/covert Opposite of psychoanalysis
87
John Watson
Founder of behaviourism
88
Specific objective of behaviorism
1. to predict the response, knowing the stimulus; | 2. to predict the stimulus, knowing the response.
89
Behaviorism -Principle of Connection
most complex habits could be most appropriately conceived of as combinations and chainings of simplex reflexes (basis for all learning).
90
Principle of Selection
selectivity of response and of the sufficient stimulus depends only on innate and acquired S-R connections.
91
Albert P. Weiss
behaviorism, made psychology making Psychology a branch of Physics.
92
Floyd H. Allport
Behaviorism, J-curve
93
Gestalt Psychology
Mind and human behavior | The whole is greater than sum of its part, cognition
94
Max Wertheimer
Gestalt - Phi Phenomenon | Gestalt laws of perceptual organization
95
Phi Phenomenon
Perceiving a series of still images in rapid succession in order to create the illusion of movement
96
Wolfgang Köhler
Gestalt - > The Mentality of Apes (1917/1925) | > Simple structural functions in chimpanzees and chicken (1917/1938)
97
Wolfgang Köhler - insight learning
type of learning or problem solving that happens all-of-a-sudden through understanding the relationships of various parts of a problem rather than through trial and error
98
Kurt Koffka
Gestalt, concept of memory trace
99
Kurt Lewin
gestalt, founder of social psychology, psychological field theory
100
Lewin’s Equation of Behavior
: B = f (P,E) | Behavior is a Function of a Person and his Environment
101
Perceptual Constancy
The impression tends to conform to the object as it is or is assumed to be, rather than to the actual stimulus
102
Gestalt Law of Prägnanz
Our brain prefers harmonious compositions

Psychology (2 decks)

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