Developing Apartheid Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
Where was Apartheid at in the 1960s?
A
Height of success- there was an overall defeat of opposition and they secured their political postition.
2
Q
As for Grand Apartheid in the 60s, what was the Republic like?
A
- Verwoerds aim was to cut ties with Britain, making South Africa a Republic and creating TOTAL apartheid.
- PM of Britain made his “Winds of Change” speech in 1960 where Africa was recognised as becoming de-colonised. This hardened Verwoerds policies.
- 1960 SA was a Republic.
- 1961- SA left commonwealth.
3
Q
As for Grand Apartheid in the 60s, what was the Economy like?
A
-Government repression and control created positive environment for foreign investment.
-6% growth per year.
-White income rose by 50%.
-Barclays banks invested heavily.
-Huge mineral reserves exploited.
-Population grew 3.77 million.
4
Q
As for Grand Apartheid in the 60s, what was the International Relations like?
A
- SA emphasised opposition to communism during Cold War.
- Surrounding countries friendly.
- Western countries relied on SA due to its minerals and resources.
- International investments stimulates economy and close ties with Britain.
5
Q
As for Grand Apartheid in the 60s, what was the Lifestyles for Whites like?
A
- Health, education, wealth and opportunity for white made them extremely affluent.
-CLEARLY unstable lifestyle however.
6
Q
As for Grand Apartheid in the 60s, what was the Problems like?
A
- SA emphasised opposition to communism during Cold War.
- Surrounding countries friendly.
- Western countries relied on SA due to its minerals and resources.
- International investments stimulates economy and close ties with Britain.
7
Q
Describe Daniel Malan, Johannesburg Strijdom and Hendrik Verwoerd for the context of Grand Apartheid.
A
- Daniel Malan 1948-54 - Initial implementation of Apartheid through successive Acts (largely practical).
- Johannes Strijdom 1954-58 - tougher apartheid, removed vote from coloureds (1955) and harsh action against anti-pass demos.
- Hendrik Verwoerd 1958-66 - Move towards Idealist Apartheid- “second phase” - increased government control in order to combat increased opposition to Apartheid.
8
Q
How did the National Party’s grip on South Africa strengthen between 1948 and 1958?
1- Election
2- Jobs
3- Promotions
4- Relations
5- Police force
A
1- 1958 election strengthen political position of NP when they won over half of all votes cast - Apartheid was popular among whites.
2- NP carried out policy of promoting Afrikaners go key jobs. 1958- controlled civil service, legal systems, police.
3- Members of Broederbond promoted (departments that dealt with relations with blacks, Ministry of Native Affairs). Idealist Apartheid ideas dominated along w/ complete segregation.
4- Opposition in British commonwealth led to strained relations and Britain had less influence on SA affairs. (No longer in commonwealth since 1961).
5- Government became willing to use force to crush opposition. Police force increased by 25% between 46-55. Most officers were Afrikaners and strong supporters of white supremacy.
9
Q
Describe Verwoerd and his beliefs.
A
- Believed in Idealist apartheid.
- Came to power 1958 and referred to government as “second phase” of apartheid.
- Promised supporters all-white South Africa by 1978.
- Key to his vision of Grand Apartheid was Bantustans- the extension of black reserves to back homelands.
- Combat increased resistance with police and security service which was dominated by Afrikaners.
10
Q
Describe the Bantu Self-Government Act 1959.
A
-Established separate territorial governments in ‘homelands’ which were lands for Black people where they could have a vote.
- Aim was the homelands would become independent in South Africa.
- In practice, South African government exercised a sting influence over these separate states even after some became independent.
11
Q
Describe the National Party between 1948- 1958.
A
- Main ambition was to stay in power and keep Apartheid centre of its platform.
- State became mroe dominated by Afrikaners.
- Broederbond grew in importance as all senior politicians and government officials were expected to have links to it.
- Electorate controlled through new political constituencies established and the right to vote removed from coloureds.
- Party organisation, control and bureaucracy was developed to ensure most Afrikaners became dependent on the National Party for their livelihood.
12
Q
What was Verwoerd’s vision?
What were the main recommendations of the 2955 Tomlinson report?
What would happen after time?
A
An all white South Africa.
Increase the size of black reserves into black homelands and spend over 100 million of government money on improving farming/ establishing industry in the homelands.
The black homelands would be able to support all black South Africans who would then be excluded from white South Africa.
13
Q
What act was in 1959?
A
Bantu-Self Government Act
14
Q
How many homelands were created?
What would happen to Whites power?
What contradictions were there about the Bantustans?
A
10 self-governing homelands with each having a different ethnic group.
Whites would be the largest single racial group in South Africa.
Many Black South Africans continued to live and work outside their designated homeland. No country in the world recognised the Bantustans as independent states.
15
Q
How did Vorster continue Verwoerds policy after assassination in 1966?
A
He led the first Bantustans to independence in 1976.
16
Q
Summarise the key problems with the Bantustans.
A
- Some homelands were tiny, others divided fragments of land.
- Reliant on lots of money from government.
- Verwoerd caved to white industrialists and fid not develop industry in Bantustans.
- White farmers prevented government from properly investing in Bantustans.
- Government in Bantustans were not democratically elected and were instead led by chiefs.
- Despite symbols of independence, government controlled foreign and defence policies for the Bantustans.
- Verwoerd admitted it would be 2000 years before they were self-governing.
17
Q
Give three examples of corruption amongst the rulers of the Bantustans.
A
1- Rulers drew big salaries, but could make more money on the side.
2- Trued to create a black middle class which was dependent on them for high washes and a good standard of living.
3- Black ruling class benefitted from white business/ SA government investment in Bantustans, but this created very few jobs for ordinary workers.
18
Q
Give three examples of problems facing those living on the Bantustans.
Where did many have to find work?
How did this impact travel and homes?
A
- Life was tough (disease, poverty)
- Overcrowding caused problems for farming
- Problems increased as more Black South Africans were forced to move from white areas.
In white South Africa, away from the Bantustans.
Precarious living conditions- dodging Pass Laws in order to make a living in white areas. Some were forced to live illegally. Others travellers long distances for work. Townships developed in Bantustans, nearest to white urban areas.
19
Q
How did Verwoerd view his policies on the Bantustans?
A
Completely confident he was right, despite condemnation from the rest
Of the world. He was appreciated by white for maintaining and protecting white supremacy and for providing them with one of the highest standards of living in the world.
20
Q
Compare Malan and Verwoed.
A
MALAN-
Introduced apartheid on side of the National Party. Came to power 1948. Vague on what Apartheid is going to look like- practical with idealist features. Focused on establishing.
VERWOED-
Introduced Bantustans to completely separate black homes from whites homelands. Came to power in 1958. He had a vision of an all white South Africa. Grand apartheid- idealist. Developed apartheid.
BOTH-
Both leaders of the National Party. Both had ideas of idealism. Use of force to maintain Apartheid. Both driven by white power and Supremacy.
21
Q
Describe Vorster and his impact in Apartheid.
A
- Prime minister of South Africa 1966-1978.
- Continues Verwoerds Grand Apartheid policy.
- Held similar views to Verwoed on the inferior status of blacks in society and the need to establish an all white South Africa.
- Did soften apartheid policies to appeal to other nations and improve relations with South Africa (trade, sport).
22
Q
Describe African decolonisation and Détente.
A
- Some improvement in Southern Africa due to African decolonisation from the mid 60s onwards.
- Period of détente- more countries relaxed with one another and relations cautiously improved.
23
Q
How successful were these parts of apartheid for Verwoed?
1- Social (segregation)
2- Economy
3- International Relations
4- Political Control
A
Most successful
2
1
4
3
24
Q
How successful were these parts of apartheid for Vorster?
1- Social (segregation)
2- Economy
3- International Relations
4- Political Control
A
Most successful
1
4
2
3
25
How successful was Grand Apartheid under Verwoed 1958-66?
Social Control: Racial Segregation
-‘Separate but equal’ policy led to the development of the Bantustans which were ten ‘tribal homelands’ which blacks would be removed to in order to create an all-white South Africa.
-Spoke of self-determination for blacks, where they would gain equal voting rights in their tribal homelands. Passed successive Acts in accordance, but in reality, these sperate states retained strong South African government influence.
-Under Apartheid, many whites did not meet any blacks, apart from as servants.
-Tightening of influx control and the rights of urban blacks increasingly restricted
26
How successful was Grand Apartheid under Verwoed 1958-66?
Political Control
-Won the 1958 election, which gave the National Party their first majority.
-Manipulated the voting age and areas and ignored previous referendum rules to ‘pass’ a referendum to make South Africa a republic.
-Bans, banishments and arrests, alongside increasingly harsh laws, used to suppress any resistance to the increasingly repressive Apartheid laws passed.
-1960 Sharpeville Massacre – 83 killed by police opening fire on peaceful anti-Apartheid protesters, PAC and ANC banned.
27
How successful was Grand Apartheid under Verwoed 1958-66?
White Economy and Living Conditions
-White South Africans had one of the highest living standards in the world.
-1960s saw a growth in Afrikaner wealth and more Afrikaners in management positions.
-Average economic growth of 6% each year.
-However, the economic boom was unstainable and dependent on foreign investment and the importation of technological innovations and oil.
28
How successful was Grand Apartheid under Verwoed 1958-66?
International Relations/ Security
-Dismissed national and international rejection of his Apartheid policies and very much expanded Apartheid.
-Trade enabled friendly relations with other African countries.
-South Africa’s application to remain a member of the Commonwealth was withdrawn due to widespread opposition from other Commonwealths leaders over Apartheid.
-Foreign investment in South Africa grew in the 1960s, with close economic ties to Britain maintained. Access to South African’s minerals, cheap labour and South Africa’s anti-Communist stance maintained positive international relations – despite their proclaimed condemnation of Aparthied.
29
How successful was Grand Apartheid under Vorster 1958-66?
Social Control: Racial Segregation
-Sought to continue Verwoerd’s Apartheid vision, but backlash after the Soweto uprising led to Vorster admitting that Apartheid wasn’t working.
-Vorster admitted that blacks were going to be a permanent feature of South African cities and so community councils were established and blacks could lease homes under a 99-year system.
-Trade unions for blacks were introduced.
-Bantustans policy continued, with some states made independent, but with chiefs which would do the bidding of the South African government. Population of the homelands increased by 69% between 1970 and 1980. Pass law arrests increased as Vorster sought to implement stricter influx control of rural blacks into cities.
-Petty apartheid partially relaxed from the mid-1970s onwards, with blacks allowed access to facilities in some public areas, such as restaurants
30
How successful was Grand Apartheid under Vorster 1958-66?
Political Control
-Called for unity between English and Afrikaners – in 1969, 82% of whites thought he was doing a good job.
-Rise of Black Consciousness threatened Apartheid, culminating in the 1976 Soweto Uprising which led to eighteen organisations being banned, all outdoor gatherings (apart from sport) being banned and the killing of Steve Biko.
-Increased expenditure on state security led to increased powers as well – with thousands detained, banned and put under house arrest. Vorster turned a blind eye to the use of torture by the state police.
31
How successful was Grand Apartheid under Vorster 1958-66?
White Economy and Living Conditions
-Vorster inherited a booming economy from Verwoerd, but the cost of Apartheid became increasingly apparent during his time as Prime Minister.
-Some whites held low-paying jobs or were unemployed, but most were well paid as they received a higher standard of education than blacks and many jobs were for whites-only.
-By 1978, some whites lived in fear in their luxury homes and kept guard dogs or installed radio equipment to call for help.
-Whites warned by Vorster that they would have to lesson inequalities with blacks in order to avoid revolution.
-Verkramptes (extreme white supremacists) opposed Vorster on English-Afrikaner unity, sport policy, diplomacy with other African states and immigration policies.
32
How successful was Grand Apartheid under Vorster 1958-66?
International Relations/ Security
-Soweto Uprising led to international outrage, increased sanctions and arms embargo which forced Vorster to relax aspects of Apartheid.
-Attempted peaceful détente with other African countries as they became independent states with black-dominated governments, but this failed in 1975 due to war with Angola.
-To avoid isolation of South Africa through international boycotts, Vorster relaxed Apartheid within international sports – multinational sports.
33
What opposition was there to Apartheid prior to 1955?
-Increasing militancy- still a focus on peaceful protest but they had to do something. ANC took control (radical youth league).
-May Day Strikes suppression of “communism” - they resisted and showed their negative reaction.
- Mandela banned and also most leadership of ANC.
- Women’s passes abolished.
- 1945 miners strike- ww2 more opportunities for blacks- if they further strikes, they could get more opportunities still.
- Freedom Day 1950- first National stay at home strike as mark of protest again suppression communism. Day of mourn for 18 killed.
- Defiance Campaign 1953- leaders of ANC planned. Mandela in charge. ANC supporters defied. Apartheid regulations many were arrested (2345) it’s allowed the ANC to become voice of black resistance (ANC member ship grew to 1000)
-Scale and reaction, they achieved more in early 50s than later on.
34
What was the international situation of racism like?
Many toon pasty in domestic support to opposition. Not much international recognition in 50s compared to 1945. Less racism in UK but not US due to John Crow laws. Not much awareness until bigger events. In 1960s, many countries acted like they supported just to get South Africas richness and minerals.
35
Describe the Freedom Charter 1955.
1- who led
2- where
3- first what?
4- bigger or smaller resistance?
5- list of demands (3)
6- importance of multiple groups attending
7- how many attend?
8- who secretly watched?
9- who surrounded them?
10- what was the significance?
1- Led by ANC.
2- Took place in Kliptown, multiple resistance groups attended.
3- First democratic meeting of South Africa post ‘48.
4- Considered step up in resistance from before 1954 like the Defiance Campaign.
5- The people Shall Govern. All National groups have equal rights. There shall be work and security.
6- Allowed got all groups to unite and focus on scale of one aim.
7- 3000 delegates, 112 whites, 320 indians, 2200 blacks, 230 coloureds.
8- Sisulu and Mandela
9- police
10- Gave ANC a manifesto- a clear statement of demands. It became the basis of their campaigning until the 1994 election.
36
Describe the Treason Trial 1956-61.
1- how many arrested and why?
2- How did it benefit resistance?
3- How did it harm it?
1- 156 arrested, all races. They were accused of treason, supporting communism and belonging to communism.
2- It was badly organised and dragged on for years. Resistance movement met up and planned in jail. They were released on bail and government couldn’t prove anything. It was a victory was freedom charter and its demands had enormous publicity- internal support.
3- The trial meant many leaders were excluded from political activity for 5 years.
37
Describe the Women’s Anti-Pass Law Demonstrations.
1- Led by who
2- Goal
3- 1956..
4- Peaceful?
5- Successful?
6- Black Sash
1- Led by Albertina Sisulu.
2- Tried to engage with leaders of apartheid- ultimately imprisoned and banned.
3- 1956- group of women of all races asked to meet government minister responsible for psd laws and discuss effects- he refused to reply and a massive all-women demonstration occupied offices.
4- peaceful protests.
5- Not successful- didn’t stop passes but slowed down process.
6- Black Sash- organisation of white, middle class women to help black women in difficulties over the pass laws.
38
Describe the Women’s Shebeen Protests.
1- what is a shebeen
2- why was banning it significant
3- what did police do
4- Cato Manor 1959…
5- success?
1- Independent women make a living by brewing beer and selling it in a Shebeen (beer hall) in her home.
2- Traditional and contribution as an African Wife BUT government banned it and built official beer halls
3- Police raided shebeens and women were fined.
4- In Cato Manor 1959, women were so annoyed at the harrassment of their shebeens so they attacked 2 official beer halls.
5- Unsuccessful, they were violently attacked by police the next day due to Verwoeds police brutality.
39
Describe the Bus Boycotts (1957 Alexandra Boycott).
1- why? - act
2- why?
3- what did buses do?
4- what did people do in Alexandra?
5- what did the people do?
6- what did police do?
7- success?
1- Result of Group Areas Act 1954.
2- Africans were driven from homes near the cities out of townships but their jobs were in cities so they relied on buses.
3- Buses, despite being told not too, upped their fairs which caused unrest and hardship.
4- 1957- Alexandra (16km from Johannesburg) people boycotted the buses.
5- They faced a trip of 32 km, walking all the way.
6- Police harassed them and accused the ANC.
7- Successful, bus fare increase was removed.
40
Describe the Rural Protests.
1- what was the issue
2- Pondoland
3- Chiefs situation?
1- Areas for blacks were poor, small, over-stocked and over- populated.
2- Cattle-killing protest after government tried to organise- revolt in Pondoland went on for several years (gov stamped it out).
3- Chiefs were in a difficult position, Gov expected them to enforce white laws and to make their people carry passes and pay taxes. Chiefs who refused were removed but those who cooperated were called “puppets” by the people.
41
What was most successful?
1- Women’s Anti-Pass Demos
2- Women’s Shebeen Protests
3- Bus boycotts
4- Rural protests
3
1
4
2
42
Describe the context to the Sharpeville Massacre (PAC).
- Young black South Africans were red up with ANC collective actions.
- As a result, PAC (Pan-African Congress) was formed by Sobokwe in 1959.
- PAC was Africanist- completely African resistance movement consisting of black nationals fighting for their freedom from whites.
43
What happened at the Shapreville Massacre?
- Opposed Pass Laws- decided to create mass civil disobedience.
- They refused to carry passes and stood outside a police station, demanding to be arrested (they tried to overwhelm prisons because they had no space to arrest them all).
- 69 killed, 180 wounded
44
What were the consequences of the Sharpeville Massacre?
South Africa’s government had become increasingly isolated, but it refused to abandon is policies of Apartheid and racial discrimination. The Government declared a state of emergency and detained 2000 people, then both ANC and PAC were banned, all members were outlaws. The overall event led to leaders realising non-violence was not going to bring change. Both NAC and PAC launched military wings in 1961 for their organisations.
45
What day was the Sharpeville massacre?
21 March 1960
46
Describe the internal opposition of the Sharpeville massacre.
The ANC had a break away group named the PAC who set up protest. After,both groups were banged and people were unsure of violent or non-violent protest.
47
Describe the judicial response of the Sharpeville massacre.
11,000 arrested. Awareness of cough Africa’s apartheid regime was promoted and resulted in much condemnation. No accountability on government as they ensured there is no follow up on people who are jailed- no one ever goes to trial.
48
Describe the government response of the Sharpeville massacre.
Banned both PAC and ANC, which remained since 1990. General Law Amendment Act passed so people could be jailed with no cause.
49
Describe the international response of the Sharpeville massacre.
News reports spread all over the world with much condemnation. The UN called for the South African government to abandon its policy of apartheid. They also prepared first global human rights treaty which was signed 1965.
50
What happened after Sharpeville? (Mandela and MK)
- Mandela and other members of ANC felt non-violence achieved nothing.
- Mandela set up MK (Umkhonto We Sizwe) to carry out armed struggle against apartheid.
- Mandela spread the word but was caught and sent to jail for 5 years.
51
What was the MK?
Set up by Mandela- the armed wing of the ANC. They focused on using violence against unstaffed targets eg power stations.
52
What ultimately happened to the MK?
The Police found their base in Rivonia and they were charger with treason. Mandela was in prison and put on trial where he conducted a 4 hour long speech about fair democracy.
53
What did Mandela say in his speech?
- White supremacy- whites don’t care blacks have a family and a life.
- Africans don’t want to be chased out of their home and want to work where they live.
- They don’t want to live in ghettos or reserves. Wives and husbands want to be together and not be widowed.
- Equal political rights or else their disabilities will be permanent.
- Africans want to be paid a living wage and work what job they want.
- They want to be part of a general population.
- White men fearing democracy cannot be the reason there is no racial harmony.
- Blacks families are vulnerable.
- Impact on daily life- black and white similarities- humanise colour!
54
Judge the success of these events..
1- Up to 1948 (National Day of Protest, Defiance campaign)
2- Freedom Charter
3- Women’s Protests
4- Rural Protests
5- Bus Boycotts
6- Sharpeville and PAC
7- Actions of MK (Rivonia)
5- Very successful
6- Quite successful
2- Quite successful
7- Quite successful
1- Little success
4- Little success
3- Not successful
55
What was the Rivonia Trial 1963?
It led on from the creation of the MK and Mandelas banning. There was the 1962 Sabotage Act where the death penalty was added to anyone guilty of damaging property for political reasons- aimed at MK.
The MKs base was found in Rivonia and Mandela was prosecuted under the Sabotage Act. Mandela was found guilty and spoke for four hours. His words were banned in South Africa but got reported all over the world- he was sentenced to life imprisonment on Robben Island.
The impacts of the Rivonia Trial was that it completely changed resistance to apartheid as it was weakened due to all the major leaders being imprisoned.
56
What happened after the Rivonia Trial- it’s impact?
Many anti-apartheid leaders were exiled or imprisoned, this caused all resistance to slow down BUT there were areas of society that tried to fight.
57
What is the context of Steve Biko?
- Very well educated, studied medicine.
- Leader figure for South African Students Organisation (SASO) and the wider BCM group.
- Leading figure in anti-apartheid.
- Inspired students at Soweto (1976).
- Was brutally murdered by police and death was covered up which cause international outrage.
58
What is the context of the BCM and the founder, Steve Biko?
- In 1960s, there was police brutality. The Bureau of State (BOSS) were above the law when arresting and detaining blacks.
-People could be held for 90/180 days without trial.
- Over 40 killed in 60s.
- Black Consciousness Movement grew.
- They focused on developing and building Black South African culture, pride and opposing white oppression.
59
Compare the ANC and BCM.
ANC-
Leadership. Protection of Blacks. Organised. Involved older, more experienced people during apartheid- older foundations. Tangible, political, universal equality, radical group.
BCM-
No proper leadership. Validation of blacks. Not organised. People involved witnessed earlier years of apartheid. Cultural, black pride, daily fight group.
BOTH-
Anti-Apartheid. Resistance movements. Peaceful.
60
What are some examples of what the BCM did and held?
- Pride in being black.
- Refusing to accept white superiority.
- Refusing to accept white help, blacks can achieve themselves.
- Knowing about black African heroes of the past- reclaim traditions.
61
What are 2 examples of Black culture?
Why was Black culture important?
Music(jazz) and literature (poets, black magazines).
Also Shebeens who allowed Black musicians to play there!
Black culture was important because music would also Black South Africans to learn from each other and gain opportunities. It allowed black artists to become recognised because of their magazine (DRUM) and it helped carry their work to larger audiences.
62
Describe 4 main points of Steve Bills life.
1- He was a clear thinker of black consciousness and set up SASO- he was a powerful thinker.
2- Helped set up health care centre called Zanenpholo.
3- His ideas inspired pupils at Soweto.
4- He was arrested in 1977 and kept naked for 18 days, beaten and chained up. He died in a hospital at 30 years old.
63
What was the importance of Steve Bikos death?
Everyone was told he died whilst on a hunger strike but actually he died to brain injuries. Hs death spread across newspapers and became a martyr in history to black resistance. LOTS AND LOTS of international awareness- it was impossible to turn a blind eye.
64
What was Steve Bikos legacy in both LIFE and DEATH?
LIFE-
Helped inspire balck culture and influences the black consciousness- he achieved his aim by improving black lives (speeches, health centres). He achieved making the SASO that brought about tangible change.
DEATH-
His death spread internationally and became a large scale point in history because of the impact it had on people to see how blacks were actually treated. His death caused a ban on arms (no import of weaponry). Many countries were fuelled by anti-apartheid now! Both Blacks and Whites were going to react and have a quick change and pressure was put onto the government.
65
What is the context to the Soweto uprising in 1976?
-A school protest in 1976 against the unfair educational system under apartheid.
- Original plan was education in primary schools. South Africa industry and business in 1970 required blacks to be educated at a higher standard. This demand for them in school rose but quality was awful. (60-100 in 1 class).
- Inspired by BCM and Steve Biko- as well as others.
- On day 1, 2 children (13- Hector Peterson) were killed. Despite outcry and demonstrations, violence escalated and more were killed.
66
What were the 1973 Black Workers Strikes?
- Government crushed all black trade union activity and there were almost no strikes.
- In 1973, there was a worldwide economic crisis. South African workers suffered wage reductions, longer hours and poor working conditions. This led to strikes in Natal.
- 200,000 involved.
- The workers worked together to achieve solidarity: working as a force to make changes. They can’t do this individually.
- They were United by their ethnic loyalty and traditional Zulu weapons.
- Employers were forced to give way and restore wages.
67
What was the Domestic significance of Soweto?
- More demos for months- boycotts and burnings.
- 600-1000 killed by end of year
- Rise in ANC support- seen as only option to defeat apartheid.
- Government oppression
- Economic/ political stability was negatively impacted- international attention.
68
What was the international significance of Soweto?
- Continues to draw negative attention from other countries.
- Links to trade negatively impacted.
- UN condemned it.
69
What were the causes of the Soweto Riots 1976?
- BCM and Trade Unions grow in power in 70s.
- Soweto had population of 800000- 1.5 million.
- Appalling overcrowding and living conditions, one hospital, alcohos, violence, high murder rate.
- Government ordered them lessons to be taught Afrikaans which was suitable for jobs.
- White students £644, black £42.
70
What were the events of the Soweto Riots 1976?
- Black pupils boycotted exams and organised protest march.
- Police opened fire, schools burnt down, people killed.
- Blame placed on communist troublemakers.
- Riots spread.
71
What were the consequences of the Soweto Riots 1976?
- Over 600 killed, 1500 injured, 500 arrested.
- Apartheid system to blame.
- Headline news around world.
- 1000s fled to train with MK.
- Violence every June on anniversary of uprising.
72
What events/ people were the most significant to protest against apartheid?
1- BCM
2- SASO
3- Steve Biko
4- Workers Strikes
5- Soweto Uprising
3
4
1
5
4
73
What type of sanctions can be performed against a country?
Cut off all links between the country that is in the wrong (trade).
74
What are sanctions designed to do?
Should affect the lives of ordinary people, who would then put pressure on their government to change.
75
When did the United Nations condemn South Africa?
1952
76
How did South Africa respond to the UN demands for Namibian independence?
Absorbed territory into its country.
77
What did the United Nations do in 1974?
Continued to criticise South Africa and in the end expelled it completely.
78
What has the United Nations proposed in 1962?
Tough economic sanctions like oil.
79
Sanctions failed because ….. countries continued to trade with South Africa- what countries?
Britain
USA
Germany
Japan
All high profile powerful economic countries.
80
Why is South Africa great for probability of foreign investment?
South Africa is an investors paradise- foreign capitalists invested in South Africa at the rate of 150 million rand per year.
81
What mineral wealth continued to encourage foreign investment?
Platinum, chromate, manganese
82
Who was milder and what did he do?
Corseted right hand man. He was given 60 million rand to influence other countries to publish favourable articles (USA, Britain and Japan) on South Africa. He told magazines to publish these and bought luxury flats where influential figures could be entertained. This was done through pro South Africa speeches and blocking anti-apartheid articles.
83
What the result for Prime Minister Vorster after the Muldergate Scandal in 1978?
He was forced to resign.
84
What is the context of international hypocrisy?
- UN Declaration of Human Rights made South Africa a rogue state and people all over the world protested against it.
- However, South Africa’s mineral wealth and exploitation of cheap labour meant that industrialised countries and their governments had huge beneficial investments there. Also, during the Cold War, South Africa was seen as a buffer against the spread of communism in Asia.
85
Describe the state of South Africa and communism when the Cold War was happening.
Countries surrounding South Africa were becoming more socialist. This meant communism was spreading towards South Africa- linking to the Cold War.
May countries were under the Policy of Containment so countries wouldn’t become communist. However, South Africa also has the suppression of communism Act which countries surrounding South Africa actually believed to be against communism. This allowed South Africa to continue their apartheid system.
86
What were some Cold War fears that encouraged the west to support the apartheid regime?
- USA and USSR would fight for influence but Africa was one of the places they couldn’t influence.
- South Africa was strongly opposed to communism and strongly capitalist. People feared what would happen is South Africa fell to communism.
- People were scared of their investments in South Africa (strongest bastion of capitalism and minerals). There were huge amounts of oil carried from Cape to USA, Middle East, and europe (trading lines WOULF be affected if ussr had control as the west would have no oil).
- Strongly capitalist and opposed to communism. South Africa government played on these fears to exaggerate soviet threat so people would support apartheid.
87
What were sanctions?
- Many countries couldn’t do anything physically against the apartheid system.
- International community used sanctions to stop apartheid (military, sport and economic).
- Looked like effective method but those abroad did not want to upset South Africa.
88
What were the armed force?
-1960s- newly formed, independent African nations formed organisation of African unity (OAU)- main aim was to end apartheid.
-Very limited, little money and lack of military power.
- South Africa protected by buffer states- countries under white minority- South Africa seen as leader and abstain of white supremacy values.
- Western countries ignored issues due to benefits of their link to South Africa.
- Lusako Manifesto published in 1969.
89
What were some sporting sanctions?
- IDAF
- Afrikaners we’re keen on sport (rugby and cricket) so they didn’t want to be kept out of sport events- these sanctions were successful.
- 1959- West Indies cricket tour abandoned
- 1969- demonstrations against Springbok rugby tour of Britain.
- 1964- South Africa banned from Olympic Games.
- 1970- Cricket tour to England cancelled by MCC.
- 1977- glenegles agreement, commonwealth banned sporting contacts.
90
How did international opinion challenge apartheid up until 1978?
- Internal opposition was constantly crushed through state brutality and oppression.
- Invasion from African countries was impossible because of the existence of buffer states and a lack of military strength.
- Sporting and trade sanctions, alongside international demonstrations ensured that internationally, there was recognition and that the apartheid regime was completely at odds with western values and beliefs.
- However, continued unspoken support of western governments due to the Cold War context and economics ensured the apartheid regime in South Africa was not challenged to the extent that apartheid had to be dismantled prior to 1978.
