Developmenal Psycholgy

Question 1

Authoritarian parenting style

Answer 1

High on control and demanding news, low on nurturant and responsiveness. The children display low levels of independence and social responsibility

Question 2

Permissive parenting style

Answer 2

High on love and affection, but expertise limited control and place few demands on children. These children are immature, lack impulse control and self-reliance, as well as lacking in social responsibility and independence

Question 3

Authoritative parenting style

Answer 3

High levels of warmth and achievements demands. Firm but not punitive control and open communication between parents and children. These children are most competent: self-reliant, socially responsible, keen to achieve, cooperate

Question 4

Neglecting parenting style

Answer 4

Disengaging style. Parents are neither responsive nor are they demanding. They may be actively rejecting or simply neglect their child-care responsibilities. Most harmful to children, resulting in low levels of cognitive and social competence

Question 5

The validity of a test refers to:

Answer 5

the degree to which it measures what it is intended to measure

Question 6

What is an advantage of an experiment that employs a micro genetic research design?

Answer 6

It can clarify the process of change

Question 7

In early embryonic development, after the first cell division (cleavage) and before the formation of the blastocoel (cavity), the fertilised ovum is known as

Answer 7

Morula

Question 8

In developing human brains, Schwann cells produce

Answer 8

Myelin

Question 9

The typical number of chromosomes in a human being is

Answer 9

22 pairs plus 1 pair of sex-determining chromosomes

Question 10

What components are needed in soft assembly in order to successfully accomplish reaching?

Answer 10

Control arm extension and stable base

Question 11

What is an attractor state?

Answer 11

An tractor is a set of physical properties toward which a system tends to evolve, regardless of the starting conditions of the system

Question 12

What approach do many current theorists of motor development take?

Answer 12

Dynamic systems approach

Question 13

McLearn et al (2006) showed which of the following parenting practices distinguished mothers with depressive symptoms from healthy controls after possible confounding variables were statistically controlled for?

Answer 13

Social practices and routines

Question 14

At what point following birth can social contingencies in mother-infant dyads be first observed?

Answer 14

Hours after birth

Question 15

Research suggests that the most attuned parent-infant dyads are in a state of match for approx what percentage of their interaction?

Answer 15

About 30%

Question 16

The study by Isabella and Belsky (1991) examined associations between infant-mother interactional history and which key developmental outcome?

Answer 16

Attachment

Question 17

What is the description for the normative developmental pattern of fears that concerns a physical danger and fears concerning social evaluation across childhood

Answer 17

Fears concerning physical danger typically decrease as children get older and fears concerning social evaluation typically increase as children get older

Question 18

What statement is the most consistent with an evolutionary account of why children show a normative pattern of fears throughout childhood?

Answer 18

Human fear systems have developed to focus on specific threats at ages when they represent the greatest danger to children

Question 19

Green-Landfell et al (2007) explored the effect of adverse life events and victimisation on prevalence rates for social anxiety disorder (SAD). Which of the following is not a valid conclusion that can be drawn from their data?

Answer 19

Victimisation and adverse life events caused SAD in adolescence

Question 20

What fact is used by Butterworth (2001) to support his nativist theory of human pointing?

Answer 20

Index-finger pointing by apes

Question 21

Moore & Corkum (1994) predicted, on the basis of operant learning theory, that the human babies would come to expect which of the following caregiver responses to their protodeclarative points?

Answer 21

Head turn toward the referent of the point and an interesting infant-directed response

Question 22

The bulk of children’s early vocabularies are

Answer 22

Count nouns for solid objects

Question 23

Children are more likely to extend a novel noun to a novel object with the same

Answer 23

Shape

Question 24

Newborn infants prefer to listen to

Answer 24

Their mother’s language over another language

Question 25

Which of the following approaches was used to discover the role of FOXP2 gene in language development?

Answer 25

Pedigree analysis

Question 26

What is true about epigenetic modifications?

Answer 26

They do not affect DNA sequence, can change across development and can be caused by environmental factors

Question 27

In Piaget’s model of moral development, heteronomous morality is

Answer 27

Not more advanced than autonomous morality, not involved in attention to the multiple perspectives within social groups and may not be referred as a ‘morality of cooperation’

Question 28

What are Kohlberg’s identified level of moral understanding?

Answer 28

The postconventional level, the conventional level, the pre conventional level

Question 29

In Miller and Bersoffos (1992) study comparing the moral reasoning of American and Indian participants

Answer 29

Indians were more likely than Americans to resolve moral conflict situations in favour of interpersonal rather than justice considerations

Question 30

At what age do children typically develop gender identity?

Answer 30

2 ½ years

Question 31

Gender is

Answer 31

A multi-dimensional construct

Question 32

Iervolino et al studied children’s sex-typed behaviour at ages 3 and 4 using a twin design. Based on their findings it is reasonable to conclude

Answer 32

Fraternal twins are more similar in their sex-typed behaviour than are non-twin siblings

Question 33

At what age do children reach ceiling level knowledge about gender stereotypical activities and occupations?

Answer 33

7 years

Question 34

In Stroud, Myers’s, Wilson & Durbin’s (2015) study looking at the association between marital functioning and child adjustment, traditional interactions were coded to measure

Answer 34

The co-parenting relationship

Question 35

Which of the following parenting styles is associated with children being low in social and cognitive competence?

Answer 35

Rejecting-neglecting parenting

Question 36

According to Gardner et al (2012) what is true about the way parenting changed between 1986 and 2006?

Answer 36

Both parental expectations and parenting monitoring of adolescent behaviour increased over this time period

Question 37

What statement is true about puberty?

Answer 37

Body image satisfaction is at its lowest during puberty

Question 38

Which of Erikson’s Psychosocial stages characterise adolescence?

Answer 38

Identity vs. Identity diffusion

Question 39

Which of Marcia’s identity statuses is defined as the active period of exploration when individuals examine alternatives in an attempt to arrive at a choice?

Answer 39

Moratorium

Question 40

What is an example of relational bullying?

Answer 40

Making up stories about another child behind their back

Question 41

Is this true of false:

Answer 41

Co-rumination leads to increases in depressive behaviour