Development

Question 1

Development stage with greatest nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio

Answer 1

Blastula

Question 2

What developmental layer is the notochord made from

Answer 2

Mesoderm

Question 3

The joining of sperm and ovum

Answer 3

Fertilization

Question 4

Where does fertilization usually occur

Answer 4

In the ampulla of the Fallopian tube

Question 5

What do acrosomal enzymes do

Answer 5

Penetrate the corona radiata and zona pellucida

Question 6

What is the purpose of the acrosomal apparatus

Answer 6

Sperm injects it’s pronucleus into the oocyte

Question 7

When the sperm first penetrates it causes a release of calcium, which prevents additional sperm from fertilizing the egg and increases the metabolic rate of the diploid zygote

Answer 7

Cortical reaction

Question 8

Solid mass of cells seen in early development

Answer 8

Morula

Question 9

Early division of cells in embryo. Mitotic divisions result in large number of smaller cells. Cell volume does not change

Answer 9

Cleavage

Question 10

When does the zygote become an embryo?

Answer 10

After first cleavage

Question 11

Cleavage that Results in cells that are capable of becoming any cell in an organism

Answer 11

Indeterminate cleavage

Question 12

Cleavage results in cells that are committed to differentiating into specific cell types

Answer 12

Determinate cleavage

Question 13

Stage that has a fluid filled blastoceal-has trophoblast and inner cell mass

Answer 13

Blastula

Question 14

What does the trophoblast become

Answer 14

Placental structure

Question 15

What does the inner cell mass become?

Answer 15

Becomes developing organism

Question 16

What is the purpose of the chorion and chorionic villi

Answer 16

Penetrate the endometrium and create interface between maternal and fetal blood

Question 17

What supports the embryo before the placenta is established?

Answer 17

The yolk sac

Question 18

What is involved in early fluid exchange between the embryo and yolk sac?

Answer 18

Allantois

Question 19

Lies inside the chorion and produces amniotic fluid

Answer 19

Amnion

Question 20

Development stage where 3 primary germ layers are developed

Answer 20

Gastrulation

Question 21

What deficiency would cause neural tube defects

Answer 21

Folic acid

Question 22

What maternal condition would cause increased fetal size and hypoglycaemia after birth

Answer 22

Diabetes

Question 23

What tissues does the ectoderm become?

Answer 23

Epidermis, hair, nails, epithelial of nose, mouth, anal canal. As well as nervous system (including adrenal medulla) and lens of eye

Question 24

What tissues come from Mesoderm

Answer 24

Musculoskeletal, circulatory, excretory system. Gonads, muscular and connective tissue layers of digestive system, respiratory system and adrenal cortex

Question 25

Tissues endoderm gives rise to

Answer 25

Epithelial lining of respiratory and digestive tracts, parts of pancreas, thyroid, bladder, distal urinary tracts

Question 26

What developmental stage occurs after development of 3 germ layers

Answer 26

Neuralation

Question 27

Induces group of overlying ectodermal cells to form neural folds surrounding a neural groove

Answer 27

Notochord

Question 28

Neural folds fuse to form the what? Which becomes the central nervous system

Answer 28

Neural tube

Question 29

Tip of neural fold contains neural crest cells, which become what?

Answer 29

Peripheral nervous system (sensory ganglia, autonomic ganglia, adrenal medulla, schwan cells) and other tissues (calcitonin producing cells of thyroid, melanocytes of skin)

Question 30

Examples of teratogens

Answer 30

Alcohol, some prescription drugs, viruses, bacteria, environmental chemicals

Question 31

Commitment to a specific cell lineage, may be accomplished by uneven segregation of cell material during mitosis or with morphogens

Answer 31

Determination

Question 32

In order for a cell to respond to a specific morphogen, a cell must have what

Answer 32

Competency

Question 33

Refers to changes a cell undergoes due to selective transcription to take on characteristics appropriate to its cell line

Answer 33

Differentiation

Question 34

Stem cells that are able to differentiate into all cell types including all the germ layers and placental structures

Answer 34

Totipotent

Question 35

Stem cells that are able to differentiate into all three germ layers and their derivatives

Answer 35

Pluripotent

Question 36

Stem cells that are able to differentiate into only a specific subset of cell types

Answer 36

Multi potent

Question 37

Signal that acts on the same cell that released the signal

Answer 37

Autocrine

Question 38

Signal acts on local cells

Answer 38

Paracrine

Question 39

Signal acts through direct stimulation of adjacent cells

Answer 39

Juxtacrine

Question 40

Signal acts on distant tissues after travelling in the bloodstream

Answer 40

Endocrine

Question 41

What organ has a high regeneration capacity

Answer 41

Liver

Question 42

The result of multiple processes, including the shortening of telomeres

Answer 42

Senescence

Question 43

Programmed cell death via apoptotic blebs that can be absorbed and digested by other cells

Answer 43

Apoptosis

Question 44

What are growth factors

Answer 44

Peptides that promote differentiation and mitosis in different tissues

Question 45

Where does nutrient gas and waste exchange occur

Answer 45

At the placenta

Question 46

What hormones does the placenta secrete

Answer 46

Estrogen, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin

Question 47

Carry deoxygenated blood from fetus to placenta

Answer 47

Umbilical arteries

Question 48

Carries oxygenated blood from placental back to the fetus

Answer 48

Umbilical vein

Question 49

What are the three shunts in the fetal circulatory system

Answer 49

Foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, ductus venous

Question 50

Shunt that connects the right atrium to the left atrium, bypasses the lungs

Answer 50

Foramen ovale

Question 51

Shunt that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, bypassing the lungs

Answer 51

Ductus arteriosus

Question 52

Shunt that connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver

Answer 52

Ductus venosus

Question 53

Trimester where organogenesis occurs

Answer 53

First trimester

Question 54

Trimester where movement begins and the face becomes distinctly human, digits elongate

Answer 54

Second trimester

Question 55

Trimester where rapid growth and brain development continue, transfer of antibodies to fetus

Answer 55

Third trimester

Question 56

What coordinates uterine contractions during birth

Answer 56

Oxytocin and prostaglandins

Question 57

Afterbirth

Answer 57

Placenta and umbilical cord are expelled

Question 58

How long is gestation

Answer 58

40 weeks or 280 days

Question 59

Failure for neural tube to close

Answer 59

Spinal bifida

Question 60

Pathogens that can cross the barrier and cause significant birth defects

Answer 60

``` TORCHES Toxoplasma gondii Rubella Cytomegalovirus HErpes or HIV Syphilis ```