Development Flashcards

Question

AO1 - naughty teddy study

Answer 1

McGarrigle and Donaldson wanted to see if younger children could conserve when counters were moved accidentally 80 Children aged 4–6 years old shown two rows of counters each with four counters in them. A naughty teddy pushed the counters into one row. Before and after each child was asked if there were more counters in one row or if each row had the same number of counters. 68% correct when teddy moved it accidentally. 41% correct when the researcher moved it deliberately More primary school children gave the correct answer than nursery children. traditional method of testing conservation underestimated what children could do. Piaget said that children <7 couldn’t conserve but more of them could when the question made better sense.

Answer 2

A strength of the study is it challenges Piaget’s view. McGarrigle and Donaldson’s study implies that the way Piaget designed his research appears to have confused young children. Therefore, this study helped refine this type of child development research.

Answer 3

Not representative of the target population. In the study the sample consisted of 80 children all from one city (Edinburgh) in Scotland. They also all came from the same nursery school or primary school. This is a weakness because the sample doesn’t reflect a variety of nationalities or social classes . There for we must generalise these findings to other young children in other countries with caution.

Answer 4

Aim was to see if children became decentred a a younger age than Piaget said. 30 children aged 3 1/2 to 5 years old from Edinburgh (Scotland) each shown two intersecting walls and 2 policemen dolls were placed on different edges of 2 intersecting walls. A boy doll was placed into each section and the children were each asked to hide the dolls from the policemen by putting the boy in one of the sections. 90% of children accurately hid the doll. Piaget underestimated younger children’s abilities study concludes that children aged under 7 can see the world from another point of view.

Answer 5

It is considered valid. The task in the study is something young children would be used to. For example, children play hide and seek. This increases the validity of the study because participants understood the task therefore Hugh’s could be sure he was measuring levels of egocentrism in children aged 3 1/2 to 5.

Answer 6

The sample is unrepresentative of the target population. This is because all 30 participants were from Edinburgh. This means the sample is not reflective of children in other countries. Therefore the result must be generalised to the target population with caution

Answer 7

‘Mindset’ refers to a set of assumptions a person has. fixed mindset believe their abilities are fixed in their genes. They believe if you are bad at something you can’t change it so if they fail at something they will give up because they believe they will always be bad at it. growth mindset believe you can get better at something with practice and effort. They think you can always improve and if they fail at something they will try again because they believe the might be better next time

Answer 8

One strength of Dweck's mindset theory of learning is that is has real world application. The theory of mindset can be applied to many settings such as, schools, sports, businesses and relationships. For example, famous basketball player Michael Jordan has often talked about how he has failed on many occasions, and this is why he succeeds; because he learns from those failures. This shows how the theory of growth mindset can be applied to many settings in the real world showing its usefulness of psychological theories.

Answer 9

One weakness of Dweck's mindset theory of learning is that both mindsets, fixed or growth, require external praise. For example, even if a student has a growth mindset the learner is still dependent on praise from someone else. Research has shown that being dependent on praise leads to students working hard for that praise instead of their internal satisfaction. Therefore, this means praise may be detrimental to a students motivation

Answer 10

Piaget believe that children can only learn when they are biologically. You can’t teach something unless they are biologically ready eg. A 5 year old trying to complete a complex math problem

Answer 11

Children should play and active role in their learning and discover concepts. Classroom environments should stimulate and facilitate discovery learning which would help a child develop new schemas

Answer 12

According to Piaget Children go through the same stages and in the same order but at different paces. For example three 6 year olds could all be at different points of their pre operational stage.

Answer 13

Cognitive development refers to a way a persons things . Piaget said that children are born with a small number of schemas and these develop through the process of assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation is when a child requires new information about an object or idea and it’ds a small change so does not require a new schema eg. A red and blue car. Accommodation is when a child requires new information about and object or idea and it is a big change so requires a new shemca eg a tracto and car. Piaget said that children under the age of 7 are ego-centric (can only see from their own point of view) Conservation is the ability to understand that quantity can remain the same even when the physical appearance is changed.

Answer 14

High practical application. His theory had influences activities in lessons to suit the stage of the Childers, children aged 7 play dress up to encourage their ability to decentre. This shows external validity as it can be used in the real world

Answer 15

Piagets research was carried out in one country. Piagets original study on egocentrism was complete in Switzerland using only Swiss children therefor this is a weakness because the research is unrepresentative of the target population and can’t be reflective of other countries/cultures

Answer 16

Readiness - Piaget believed that children should only learn when they are biologically ready eg. A 5 year old learning a complex math problem. Learning by discovery - children should play an active roll in their learning the classroom should stimulate facilitate discovery learning to help develop new chemas. Individual learning - Piaget beleived that children go through the same stages in the same order but at different paces eg. 3,6 year olds may be and different stages of their pre-operational stage.

Answer 17

There is research hat contradicts its points. Piaget claims that a child must be ready to learn but this point ignores the roll of practice. Bryant and trabasso show that pre operational children could do some logical test if they were five practice. They argued that children couldn’t do skills because their memory skills needed practice. It challenges the idea that education teaching should be focused around the child’s readiness

Answer 18

High practical application. For example discovery learning has changed the way teachers are taught and changes the experienced of children in the classroom. This is externally valid because out its used in the real world

Answer 19

Willingham criticises the theory of learning styles because of a lack of scientific evidence. He believes that we can improve learning by applying the results of scientific research in cognitive psychology and neuroscience. For example, research indicates that the brain waves of people with dyslexia are different from those without dyslexia. If a specific pattern is associated with dyslexia, they could receive help earlier, which will benefit their progress. Another example is that research shows that praising effort should be unexpected. Lepper et al. found that, if performance depends on praise, a person works to get the praise rather than to feel good. This can then be confidently applied to better educational practice. Schools therefore should avoid using techniques or ideas that do not have a strong research basis.

Answer 20

One strength of the idea of using praise to encourage learning is there is research to support. Research by Dweck looked at the effect of the type of feedback on a student's learning. For example, one group of students were persistently told that they hadn't done well in their piece of work because they should try harder/ increase their effort. Whereas, the other group were praised and given feedback to act on to enable them to improve. At the end of the trial, the second group were quicker to give up when they didn't perform whereas, the first group increased their efforts. This demonstrates that the type of feedback is important and illustrates the practical use of praising effort over achievement.

Answer 21

One weakness of the idea of using praise to encourage learning is that it may reduce internal motivation. Research by Lepper investigated this and found that when children had been offered a reward for doing something, later they were less interested in doing the same activity unless they received the reward. This demonstrated the children were more interested in the external physical reward opposed to being internally motivated in their learning. Therefore, teachers and parents should be cautious not to overuse physical external rewards and it reduces internal motivation to learn and progress

Answer 22

A weekness is that there is research to contradict. High intended to investigate weather are decentered under the age of 7. 2 intersecting walls and children were asked to hide the boy doll. He discovered that children are decentered

Answer 23

Applicable to children’s development in real life His understanding has been applied in real life Children in concrete operational are very logical thinkers Shows that it has practical application in the real world

Answer 24

They recognise their others voices immediately after birth Brain changes before birth responding to external stimuli

Answer 25

Mental frameworks of information based on knowledge and past experience

Answer 26

Verbalise Prefers to process information verbally, by hearing it or reading it. They remember best by repeating sounds, talking or writing in words. Visualiser Prefers to process information visually, by seeing it – especially the spatial relationships. They remember best using diagrams, mind maps, graphs and charts. They find it more difficult to process written information. Kinaesthetic learnersA ‘hands-on’ learner, preferring active exploration, making things and experimenting. They prefer physical activities rather than watching others or reading.

Answer 27

No supporting evidence little evidence to suggest that learning styles work. Pashler et al. reviewed many good quality research studies and found no support. This challenges the claim that learning styles improve performance.

Answer 28

encouraged teachers to focus on other teaching methods rather than just traditional verbal ones. This has led to teachers adopting a more varied approach. This has benefited their students’ learning.

Answer 29

Praise is a reward and makes someone feel good so they repeat behaviours. Praise must fit performance and not be used for everything Praising effort is motivating – it gives a sense of control as people can always put in more effort. Praising others for their performance is demotivating especially when you can’t compete. Self-efficacy is your own abilities which is related to expectations you have about future performance. Experiencing success is important and opportunities should be provided by parents and teachers. Self-efficacy affects motivation because if it is high you will put in greater effort, persist longer, have greater task performance and more resilience than if you

Answer 30

Praise destroys internal motivation One weakness with using praise to encourage learning is that it can have the opposite effect. Research by Lepper found that children were less interested in doing a task if they had previously been rewarded for it. This suggests that praise can be demotivating.

Answer 31

Practical application A strength is the value of understanding rewards. Dweck found that students who were criticised for their effort performed better on a test than those who had been previously praised. This shows that the kind of praise that is given is important

Development Flashcards

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