Development Flashcards
(19 cards)
What is development?
- Development is the sum total of income plus the quality of life like equal treatment, freedom, security, respect of others, etc.
- Development is also known as progress. Its idea has always been with us.
Average income is useful for comparison but it may hide disparities.
(i) Average income hides disparities in case there is no equitable distribution of income.
=>For example if a small population has a high income then the total income as well as the average income rises thus hiding the disparities of the actual situation.
(ii) Average income does not tell us about the rising standards of living as it depends on non-materialistic things too like freedom, equality, justice, etc.
(iii) Average income does not tell us about the HDI as it depends on health and educational status too.
What are the factors quality of life depends on?
(i) Money and material things.
(ii) Presence of family members, friends and relatives.
(iii) Good working atmosphere at the office. (iv) An opportunity to learn.
(v) A position of self-respect in the family.
(vi) A safe and secure environment.
“For development, people look at a mix of goals”. Support the statement with three suitable examples.
(i) If women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society increases. So, dignity is an important goal.
(ii) However, it is also the case that if there is respect for women, there would be more sharing of housework and greater acceptance of women working outside.
(iii) A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business. These are goals other than income. Hence, the development goal is not only for better income, but also for other important things in life.
“Money cannot buy all the goods and services that a person may need to live well”. Explain the statement with suitable examples.
Money cannot buy all the goods and services that a person may need to live well. Income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and services that citizens are able to use. For example, normally, money cannot buy a pollution-free environment or ensure that a person gets unadulterated medicines, unless a person can afford to shift to a community that already has all these things. Money may also not be able to protect individual from infectious diseases, unless the whole of our community takes preventive steps.
“People have conflicting developmental goals”. Support the statement with suitable example.
Different people could have different as well as conflicting notions of a country’s development. In fact, two persons or group of persons may seek things which are conflicting. For example, to get more electricity, industrialists may want to build more dams but this may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of those who are displaced such as tribes. They may prefer small check dams or tanks to irrigate their land.
Which sector, organized or unorganized, is preferable for employment? Explain.
It is a preference that might depend on a variety of factors :
People might prefer to work in the organized sector because of :
– job security
– social security benefits – regular income
People might prefer to work in the unorganized sector because of :
– flexibility
– escaping paperwork
– quick employment opportunity
Miss X wants to start a terracotta artefacts store in her village. She wants to supplement her income to raise the standard of living of her family. How can banks and cooperatives help her and helping such people will lead to overall development of the country?
Banks and cooperative societies need to lend money.
–This would lead to higher incomes and many people could then borrow cheaply for a variety of needs. – They could grow crops, do business, set up small-scale industries etc.
– They could set up new industries or trade in goods. This will prevent Miss. X from falling into debt trap, dependence on money lenders and traders i.e. the informal sources of credit and thereby multiplying her income which will lead to her better standard of living. –Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country’s development.
How is the criterion used by the UNDP different from the World Bank for measuring the development of a country ? Explain.
Development is the sum total of income plus the quality of life like freedom, equality, justice, respect, safe environment, etc.
The World Bank only takes per capita income into consideration as the indicator for development. For example, countries with per capita income of US$ 49,300 per annum and above in 2019, are called high income or rich countries and those with per capita income of US$ 2500 or less are called low-income countries. However, income by itself is not an adequate indica-tor of material goods and services that the people are able to use.
The UNDP has taken several other factors to measure the development of the countries such as: (i)Health,
(ii)Education and (iii)Per capita income.
How is it that the average person in Haryana has more income than the average person in Kerala but it lags behind in many other crucial areas? Explain.
(i) Per capita income of Haryana is Rs. 2,36,147 and that of Kerala is Rs. 2,04,105.
(ii) Literacy rate of Haryana according to [2018-19 Eco-nomic Survey] is 82% and Kerala is 94%, i.e., Haryana lags behind Kerala.
(iii) Therefore, income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and services that citizens are able to use.
(iv) Over the past decade, health and education indica-tors have come to be widely used along with income as a measure of development
(v) Human Development Report published by UNDP compares countries on the basis of educational levels of the people, health status and per capita in-come.
(vi) Kerala has a low infant mortality rate as it has ad-equate provision of basic healthcare and educational facilities.
What is the main criteria used by World Bank for classifying different countries? What are its limitations?
The average income, i.e., per capita income of a country is the main criteria used by the World Bank in classifying different countries.
Limitations :
(i)It covers only the economic aspect ignoring factors like infant mortality rate, literacy rate, net attendance ratio for class I-V, etc., which are important indicators for development.
(ii)This method also does not provide us the distribution of income at different levels.
(iii)Money cannot ensure that you get unadulterated medicines. (iv)Money alone cannot buy you a pollution free environment.
What are the four characteristics of development?
(i) Developmental goals are different for different people.
(ii) What may be development for one may not be development for the others.
(iii) For development, people look at a mix of goals.
(iv) Different persons could have different as well as conflicting notions of country’s development.
Ex: Mining could be development for industrialist but displace the tribal in the region.
What is sustainable economic development? What are the various measures for sustainable economic development?
Sustainable economic development means development should take place without damaging the environment and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generation.
The various measures for sustainable development are:
-Controlling over-exploitation and creating an aware-ness to provide sustainable development.
-Increased use of renewable resources.
-Less use of fossil fuels.
Introduction of organic farming.
-Adopting measures to reduce global warming
Why is sustainable development important for economic growth?
-Environment must be conserved while development is taking place.
-Resources must be used in such a way that they are conserved for the future generations.
-The standard of living of all people must be raised.
Suggest any three ways to improve health and nutritional status of people in India?
(i) Public Distribution System (PDS) shops should be established, such as ration shop. These must be regulated properly so that the problems of availability of basic food grains to maximum population is rectified.
(ii) The government should ensure that the PDS must function properly which would help eradicate hunger.
(iii) By providing adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities, which can also be provided through community based programmes.
Why is sustainability important for development?
(i) Sustainable development aims at fulfilling the needs of today without compromising the needs of the future generation.
(ii) Sustainability is the capability to use the resources judiciously and maintain the ecological balance.
(iii) It lays emphasis on environmental protection and check environmental degradation.
How can India improve its public facilities?
(i) There has been a substantial improvement in the number of dispensaries, physicians and nurses.
(ii) The government of India aims to increase the expenditure of government in the health sector.
(iii) Increasing the number of hospitals, healthcare centers and family welfare centers especially in the rural areas.
(iv) Organizing free camps for check up of general public.
(v) Spreading health awareness among common people through different means such as the Pulse Polio campaign.
What is sustainable development? Explain with the example of groundwater.
Sustainable development is all about judicious use of resources at present keeping in mind the future requirements of the coming generations.
Example:
(i) Groundwater is overused for agriculture.
(ii) Water is drawn from wells and this leaves the underground water-table depleted.
(iii) Since water is a renewable resource, we must help in replenishing water.
(iv) We would be overusing the resources, if use more than what is being replenished.
“Different persons can have different developmental goals. What may be development for one may not be development for the other.” Explain.
(i) Development or progress does not mean one and same thing for every individual. Each individual has his/her own notion of development.
(ii) People seek things that are most important for them i.e. things that can fulfil their aspiration or desires.
Examples: (i) Development for a farmer might be proper irrigation facilities.
(ii) For an urban youth it may be employed.
(ii)i For a landless laborer it may be land.
(iv) For a girl it might mean gender equality or more freedom
