development Flashcards
(61 cards)
1
Q
what is development
A
the progressive process which aims to achieve economic growth and as a result, create a conducive environment for individuals to enjoy a decent standard of living and quality of life
2
Q
what is considered high income countries
A
countries that have high wealth and income, have a highly developed economy and whose people enjoy a high standard of living and quality of life
3
Q
what is considered low income countries
A
countries that have low wealth and income, with a less developed economy, and whose people enjoy a low standard of living and quality of life
4
Q
economic growth
A
- the increase in a country’s wealth over time
- usually measured in pecentages
- widely seen as a good indicator of the health of a country’s economy and effiecient and affordable public and private transport
5
Q
standard of living
A
refers to the goods and services available to people in the environment they live in
6
Q
examples of goods and services
A
- access to electricity
- clean water supply
- good healthcare services and facilities
- effiecient and affordable public and private transport
7
Q
quality of life
A
- well being of people
- dependent on factors such as political and religious freedom, environmental health and happiness, which are difficult to measure
8
Q
what is considered extreme poverty
A
people who live with less than USD$1.25 per day
9
Q
types of development indicators
A
- economic
- social
- composite
- others
10
Q
examples of economic indicators
A
- GNI/capita
- GDP/capita
11
Q
GNI
A
gross national income
12
Q
what is GNI used for
A
used to assess a country’s wealth
13
Q
how is GNI calculated
A
total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year + income received from overseas sources - payments to overseas recipients
14
Q
describe GNI
A
total amount of money earned by a nations people and businesses
15
Q
why is per capita income often used
A
to take into account different populations of countries
16
Q
why is the GNI adjusted
A
to reflect the purchasing power of the population
17
Q
how is the GNI adjusted
A
using the Purchasing Power Perity rate caluclated by OECD
18
Q
OECD
A
organisation for economic co-operation and development
19
Q
categories the world bank uses based on countries per capita income levels
A
- low income economies/countries
- lower-middle income economies
- upper-middle income economies
- hugh income economies/countries
20
Q
GNI per capita for low income countries/economies
A
$1,085 or less
21
Q
GNI per capita for low-upper income countries/economies
A
$1,085 - $4,255
22
Q
GNI per capita for upper-middle income countries/economies
A
$4,255 - $13,205
23
Q
GNI per capita for upper income countries/economies
A
> $13,205
24
Q
what is GNI useful for
A
- comparing the wealth of countries
- identification of countries that require aid
- showing the state of a country’s economy and provision of services
25
limitations of GNI
- national average figure, it does not show the difference between individuals or regions (despite high GNI per capita, population might not be able to afford essential G&S)
- do not take into account informal economic activites, many LIC tend to be involved in informal employment and incomes from these are not considered
- aespects of development are not considered
26
example of how GNI might have a high GNI but population cannot afford G&S
- in 2016, USA had a GNI per capita of US$57000 but 1.2% of its population lived below the international polverty line of US$1.90/day
- cost of living is so high in HK that many are unable to afford housing → living in cramped and shared housing (coffin homes)
27
example of how GNI does not cosider aespects of development
- social and environmental costs bought about by economic development, can lower standard of living and quality of life
- cuba has a low GNI per capita but citizens are healthy and well-educated to investments in health and education
28
another indicator to measure a country's wealth
gross domestic product
29
how is GDP calculated
using the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year
30
type of social indicators
- demographic
- health
- education
31
how to measure demographic
urban population
32
how is urban population measured
by the proportion of a population living in urban areas
33
# (compared to LIC)
HIC tend to have
| (demogrpahic-urban population)
higher level of urbanisation than LIC
34
HIC tend to have
| (demogrpahic-urban population)
the resources to develop cities within modern infrastructure and facilities such as hospitals, electricity and water supply
35
why would a large proportion of the population be living in urban areas
| (demogrpahic-urban population)
they work in higher paying secondary and tertiary industries that are mostly located there
36
in LIC
| (demogrpahic-urban population)
more people live in rural areas where they work in primary sectors such as agriculture
37
what are limitations for caluclating population
| (demogrpahic-urban population)
- in some countries, poorer segments of population may live in cramped and overcrowded conditions where there is poor sanitation and diseases spread easily
- especially common in LICs, where there is a lack of affordable housing. hence, having a large urban population does not mean that all urban residents enjoy a high standard of living
- in some HIC, counter-urbanisation may be common
38
counter-urbanisation
people who used to live in the cities are relocating to the country-side at the edge of cities to avoid the crowding, congestion, stress, pollution and crimes in cities
39
examples of health indicators
- life expectancy at birth
- infant mortaility rate
- water supply and sanitation
40
what is life expectancy
refers to the average number of years that a person can expect to live in a particular country
41
what type of countries enjoy a longer life expectancy
higher income countries (HIC)
42
why does HIC enjoy longer life expectancy
- as a country develops economically, there may be more national revenue allocated to the provision of healthcare and medical facilities
- as the income of the population improves, likelihood of people having sufficient food to eat and getting sufficient nutrients from different types of food also increases
- these increase the life expectancy of the population
| (standard of living)
43
infant mortality rate refers to
| (infant mortality rate)
the rate at which the number of babies less than one year of age dies, for every 1000 live births, in a year
44
the more developed the country is
| (infant mortality rate)
the lower the infant mortality rate
45
why is there a lower infant mortality rate when the country is more developed
| (infant mortality rate)
- more developed healthcare infrastructure
- have a greater number of trained helathcare professionals
- greater access to sanitation and safe drinking water, reducing the vulnerability of infants to waterborne diseases such as diarrhoea
46
examples of healthcare infrastructure
| (infant mortality rate)
- hospitals
- healthcare equipment
47
infant mortality rates reflect
| (infant mortality rate)
the country's access to healthcare and amenities such as sanitation and safe drinking water
48
what is access to safe drinking water defined as
| (access to safe drinking water and sanitation)
the percentage of the population having access to and using improved drinking water sources
49
improved drinking sources refer to
| (access to safe drinking water and sanitation)
sources of safe drinking water
50
examples of safe drinking water sources
| (access to safe drinking water and sanitation)
- piped household water connection
- public standpipe
- protected dug well
51
access to safe drinking water can
| access to safe drinking water and sanitation)
reduce the vulnerability of the population to waterborne diseases (cholera and polio) and hence can improve the health of a population
52
access to sanitation facilities
| (access to safe drinking water and sanitation)
enables people to dispose of human waste hygienically
53
# examples
countries with proper sanitation facilities have
| (access to safe drinking water and sanitation)
- proper flushing
- waste disposal systems
54
if sanitation is poor
| (access to safe drinking water and sanitation)
people will be exposed to bacteria exposed in the waste, which can cause contamination of the environment and water
55
example of poor sanitation
| (access to safe drinking water and sanitation)
human waste is not properly disposed of but is left in the open
56
what is one of the basic indicators of the development of national economies
| (education indicators)
degree of education and knowledge of its society
57
education, especially higher education, contributes to
- economic development
- development of society in general
58
why is highly educated workforce of special importance
- they are able to contribute to the more value-added industries, where more wealth is generated
- this in turn allows the nation to enjoy a better standard of living
59
how do most developed countries implement their development strategies
investing in knowlege and human capital
60
why would this lead to less-developed countries being disadvantaged
| (developed countries investing in knowledge and human capital)
- do not have the resources to develop educational institutions (train teachers, build schools, subsidise education, etc.)
- people in less-developed countries usually have lower levels of education as most cannot afford it
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