Development Flashcards
(27 cards)
How are countries classified by development?
“HICs (e.g., UK, USA), NEEs (e.g., Brazil, China), LICs (e.g., Mali). Also: Global North/South, HDI.”
What is GNI per head?
“Total income divided by population (economic measure of development).”
What does HDI measure?
“Combines life expectancy, education, and GNI (0 = low, 1 = high).”
Why might GNI be misleading?
“Hides inequalities (e.g., urban vs. rural), doesn’t account for happiness/human rights.”
What is the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)?
“Shows population change linked to development (stages: high birth/death → low birth/death).”
How does climate cause uneven development?
“Poor climate (e.g., Chad) → low crop yields → famine.”
How do natural hazards affect development?
“Destroy infrastructure (e.g., Haiti’s 2010 earthquake killed 230,000+).”
Why are landlocked countries disadvantaged?
“High transport costs (e.g., Niger) → less trade competitiveness.”
How does trade imbalance hurt LICs?
“LICs export cheap raw materials but import expensive goods (e.g., DRC’s cobalt exports).”
How does debt slow development?
“LICs repay loans + interest (e.g., Zambia spent income on debt, not healthcare).”
How did colonialism impact development?
“Resource extraction, unstable borders (e.g., India under British rule).”
What are consequences of uneven development?
“Wealth disparities (richest 20% own 80% of global wealth), health gaps, migration.”
How does investment reduce the development gap?
“Improves infrastructure (e.g., China’s railways in Africa), creates jobs.”
Why is industrial development important?
“Boosts exports/jobs (e.g., Malaysia’s electronics sector).”
How does tourism help development?
“Earns foreign income (e.g., Jamaica: 24% of GDP), creates jobs (200,000+ employed).”
What are the types of aid?
“Short-term (disaster relief) vs. long-term (e.g., UK’s wells/schools in Ethiopia).”
What is intermediate technology?
“Low-cost, sustainable tools (e.g., WaterAid’s hand pumps in Tanzania).”
How does Fairtrade help?
“Pays farmers fairly (e.g., Uganda’s coffee farmers reinvest profits).”
What is debt relief?
“Cancelling/reducing debt (e.g., Jubilee 2000 helped Ghana/Mozambique).”
What is microfinance?
“Small loans to entrepreneurs (e.g., Grameen Bank in Bangladesh).”
Why is tourism vital to Jamaica?
“Largest foreign income earner; 24% of GDP, 200,000+ jobs.”
How does tourism improve Jamaica’s infrastructure?
“Roads/airports upgraded (e.g., Montego Bay).”
What is economic leakage in Jamaican tourism?
“Foreign-owned hotels → profits leave the country.”
How does tourism help Jamaica’s environment?
“Protects reefs/waterfalls; ecotourism in Blue Mountains.”
