- Most developed sense at birth. - drawn to the scent of breast milk from birth & can distinguish mom's breast milk at 2 weeks - Newborns turn toward pleasant smells

- Startle response when the baby's head is dropped slightly. - Disappears by 3-4 months

- Difficult/Feisty - Easy - Slow to warm up - Parent Baby Temperament Match

- Low birth weight - congenital heart defects - dependency on drug at birth - withdrawal symptoms - Future problems with attention and regulation

- Congenital heart defects - deafness & blindness - Abnormal brain & organ development - Characteristic bluish-red skin known as "blubbery muffin spots"

- Puts infant at risk for birth defects - hyperactivity - lower intelligence - Predisposition to abuse alcohol as adults

Development Flashcards by Jessica Lora

Zygote

Fertilized egg, a fusion of mom and dads genetic material. It enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

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Embryo

2 weeks after conception - 2 months

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Fetus

9 weeks after conception until birth

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Issues in developmental psychology

Nature vs. Nurture. Stability vs. Change, Continuity and stages

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Kohlberg

Stages of Moral Development

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Piaget

Cognitive Development

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Erikson

psychosocial development (intimacy v. isolation)

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The competent infant

has sight, taste, smell

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Sight

babies almost immediately show in human faces, know their mothers face and prefer that objects are 8-12 inches away (about the distance when breast feeding)

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Taste

Babies prefer sweet tastes from birth

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Smell

Most developed sense at birth.
drawn to the scent of breast milk from birth & can distinguish mom’s breast milk at 2 weeks
Newborns turn toward pleasant smells

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Language/Hearing Development in the Womb

Prefer mother’s voice to other voices almost immediately after birth.
If mom is bilingual interested in both of mothers languages if she is bilingual
Cries will match sound of mom’s language (ex. french mom babies cry diff than english mom babies cry)
Fetuses get used to the sound and vibration placed on their mothers abdomen

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The Babinski Reflex

When touching a babies bottom of the foot and their toes open up

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The Moro Reflex

Startle response when the baby’s head is dropped slightly.

- Disappears by 3-4 months

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Temperament

Difficult/Feisty
Easy
Slow to warm up
Parent Baby Temperament Match

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Teratogens

Outside agents such as drugs or viruses that damage the embryo or fetus

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Cocaine/Amphetamines

Low birth weight
congenital heart defects
dependency on drug at birth
withdrawal symptoms
Future problems with attention and regulation

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Rubella Virus

Congenital heart defects
deafness & blindness
Abnormal brain & organ development
Characteristic bluish-red skin known as “blubbery muffin spots”

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Alcohol

Puts infant at risk for birth defects
hyperactivity
lower intelligence
Predisposition to abuse alcohol as adults

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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

1 in 800 children
not reversible
Physical and brain abnormalities

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Characteristics

Small eye Openings
Smooth Philtrum
Thin upper lip

Methods of studying Babies: Psychology

Exploiting Habituation

- Eye Tracking

Perpetual Development

5 senses

Habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation

Congenital

From birth

Children reason across development with schemas adjusted by?

Assimilation and Accommodation

Assimilation

Fit new experiences into existing schemas

Accommodation

Adjust our schema to incorporate new experiences

Jean Piaget's Stage Model

- Sensorimotor: 0-2 yrs Old - Pre-operational: 2-6/7 yrs Old - Concrete Operational: 7-11 Yrs Old - Formal Operational: 12yrs+

Sensorimotor Stage

- 0-2 yrs old - Experience the world through the senses - Little Capacity for symbolic though - Egocentrism: Can't consider another persons viewpoint (ex. making yourself "invisible") - Lack Object Performance: Objects remain even if you are not aware of it

Pre-operational Stage

- 2-6/7 yrs old - Lack conservation: quantity is conserved despite changes in shape - (Theory of mind) The ability to infer others mental stages develop in this stage - False beliefs of others (the 3 yr. old vs. 4 yr old during the box of bandaids vs. pencils test.

Concrete Operational Stage

- 7-12 yrs old | - Develop ability to conserve

Formal Operations Stage

- 12 Yrs old+ - systematic reasoning - can work with hypothetical - abstract thinking

Assessment of Piaget

- May have underestimated children's cognitive capabilities - Symbolic Thinking: may appear in 3 year olds (can locate a hidden toy in a room when presented with its location on a model of a room)

Cognitive Development: Lev Vygotsky

- Vygotsky stressed how cognitive abilities develop through social interactions - internalizing social conversations

Autism & Theory of Mind

- Difficulty inferring the mental states of others is a significant feature - Tendency to understand the world through rules or laws - 4:1 Female:Male Ratio

Social Development

- Stranger anxiety in infants develops at 8 months & peaks around 13 months

Attachment

- Ainsworth & Bowlby explore the developmental importance of a sustained attachment to a caregiver

Harlow's monkeys

- attached to a blanket b/c of its comfort - used blanket as secured base - eliminated theory that infants were attached to the caregiver bc it fed it

Adolescence

- Time period of adolecence culturally and socially determined - in the U.S puberty marks adolescence - Inadequate myelenization of the frontal lobes accounts for the impulsivity and recklessness of many adolescents

task of adolescence

Identity Role Vs. Role Confusion

Kohlberg Moral Reasoning Stages

* Preconventional Morality based on Self-Interest * Conventional Morality---obey the law simply because it’s the law; conformity to group norms * Post conventional Morality—do what you believe is right

Preconventional Morality

- based on self interest, do what gets rewards and avoids punishmentss

Conventional Morality

Obey the law bc it is the law; conforms to group norms

Post Conventional Morality

do what you believe is right

Physical Changes and Development in Adulthood

- Menopause in women - Sexual function declines in the mid 70's - Life expectancy rose from 49 to 69 worldwide - Aging population

Cognitive Changes/ Development in Adulthood

- Processing Speed declines | - Some degeneration of neurons in frontal-lobe: your grandmothers’ inappropriate comments!

Psychosocial Aspects of Aging

- Social Clock