development and human welfare Flashcards
(14 cards)
what are different ways of defining development?
using economic criteria and broader social and political measures
what is the HDI
a composite measure of development which means it takes a range of social and economic measures and combines them into one
how is HDI measured?
- Setting minimum and maximum values, called “goalposts”, for each dimension
- Rescaling the indicators using the goalposts
- Combining the mean and expected years of schooling into a single education index
- Calculating the final HDI score as the geometric mean of the three components
The HDI is a value between 0 and 1
What is GDP per capita?
the total value of goods and services produced within a country in a year divided by the population of the country
How do countries at different levels of development have differences in their demographic data (fertility rates, death rates, natural increase, population structures, maternal and infant mortality rates)?
STAGE 1
Birth rate - High
Death rate - High
Total population - stable or slow increase
Reasons for change to BR - Many children needed for farming, many children die at an early age, religious/social encouragement, no family planning
Reasons for change to DR - Disease, famine, poor medical knowledge so many children die
Current examples: few remote examples
STAGE 2
Birth rate - High
Death rate - Falls rapidly
Total population - Sudden increase, very rapid
Reasons for change to BR - many children needed for farming, many children die at an early age, religious/social encouragement, no family planning
Reasons for change to DR - improvements in medical acre, water supply and sanitation, fewer children die
Current examples - Egypt, Kenya, India
STAGE 3
Birth rate - falling
Death rate - falls more slowly
Total population - stable or slow increase
Reasons for change to BR - improved medical care and diet, fewer children needed
Reasons for change to DR - improvements in medical care, water supply and sanitation, fewer children die
Current examples - Brazil
STAGE 4
Birth rate - low
Death rate - low
Total population - increase slows down
Reasons for change to BR - family planning, good health, improving status of women, later marriages
Reasons for change to DR - good health care, reliable food supply
Current examples - USA, UK, France
STAGE 5
Birth rate - low
Death rate - low
Total population - slow decrease
Reasons for change to BR - family planning, good health, improving status of women, later marriages
Reasons for change to DR - good health care, reliable food supply
Current examples - Germany, Japan
what is bottom up development?
a strategy that involves local communities planning and controlling small-scale projects to help their area develop
what are the pros of bottom up development
Local control: Local people make decisions that affect the project.
Cost: Bottom-up projects are usually cheaper than top-down projects.
Local involvement: Local people are involved at all stages of the project.
Appropriate technology: The technology used is simple so that local people can use and repair it.
Bridging the development gap: Bottom-up projects can help improve the standard of living, invest in education, and provide clean water supplies.
what is top down development?
a large-scale development strategy that is usually organized by governments or large companies to improve a region or country
what are the pros of top down development?
- The top-down approach is easy to implement and adjust other team members to
- Top-down development can provide access to large sums of money from institutions like the World Bank and the IMF.
Examine the impacts of uneven development on people’s quality of life within a country (12)
HART-SOUTH BLACKPOOL-NORTH
Employment:
- can affect all aspects of life
- 3.6% unemployment in Blackpool, 2.9% in Hart
- Less taxation for public services
- Poor quality healthcare education, public transports etc.
- causing quality of life to decrease
- Blackpool Multiversity or Youth Hub could reduce the impact on quality of life. This issue can eventually be solved.
Health
- In Blackpool over 25% have limiting long term illnesses + disabilities which is 8% higher than national average
- Only 16% in Hart, 2% less than national average
- People are too sick to work
- No money = sad life
- Sports centre to aid mental and physical health
Housing
- 1 in 413 in Blackpool are homeless
- the average house price is a quarter of that in Hart
- not high demand to live there because they fear that they may not make a good return on investment
- 90% owner occupied in Blackpool (60.5%) which means not much rental market
- Blackpool have £40 million from to spend on regenerating housing
- However, it’s hard to regenerate housing for people have no money at all.
Education
- Average attainment 8 score per pupil is 34.9% in Blackpool (56.1% in Hart)
- Not having high level education reduces job opportunities and perpetuates long term poverty cycles
- Blackpool are building a university, Multiversity, to increase ease to get high level education
- This has the potential to create long term change
what is multi-lateral aid
given through international organisations e.g. the world bank
TOP DOWN
what is bi-lateral aid
given from the government of one country to another. often give as tied-aid: aid given with specific conditions e.g. the money must be spent on produce from the donor country
TOP DOWN
what is voluntary aid
charities (NGOs) help the country to develop by introducing schemes to improve health care, food, education, food supply etc.
BOTTOM UP
what is humanitarian/emergency aid
charities and governments send short term aid after a natural disaster to help the country recover
TOP DOWN/BOTTOM UP
