development dynamics Flashcards
(62 cards)
1
Q
how do winds blow?
A
from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure
2
Q
2 types of winds
A
- westerlies
- trade winds
3
Q
how do trade winds blow
A
blow towards the equator
4
Q
how do westerlies blow
A
blow towards poles
5
Q
3 types of global circulation cells
A
- Hadley cells
- Ferrel cells
- Polar cells
6
Q
what came first Quaternary period or the Neogene period
A
Neogene
7
Q
How long did the Neogene period last
A
21.4 million years
8
Q
how long did the Quaternary period?
A
2.588 million years
9
Q
what periods where inside the Quaternary period?
A
- interglacial
- glacial
10
Q
how long did the interglacial period last ?
A
about 10,000 years
11
Q
How long did the glacial period last ?
A
about 100,000 years
12
Q
Evidence for Climate Change?
A
- tree rings
- ice cores
- historical evidence (paintings)
- pollen
- temperature
13
Q
How to find evidence of climate in ice cores?
A
- each year new layers of ice sheets appear.
- examining each layer can show climate.
14
Q
how are tree rings evidence of climate change?
A
- new rings form on trees each year
- the thicker the ring , the greater the conditions
(temperature and wet climate)
15
Q
what can old pollen be preserved in ?
A
- sediment
16
Q
what features of the rings are useful to scientists?
A
- thickness of rings
- number of rings
17
Q
how many degrees has earth warmed since 1880?
A
0.8
18
Q
notable periods in the UK?
A
- little ice age
- medieval warm period
19
Q
what was the time period for the medieval warm period?
A
950 - 1100AD
20
Q
Why did scientists say temp increased?
A
increase in solar activity, decrease in volcanic activity
21
Q
The UK’s 4 regions
A
- North west : mild winter, cool summers
- South east : cold winters, warm summers
- North east : cold winters, cool summers
- South west - mild winters, warm summers
22
Q
natural factors for climate change
A
- orbital change
- asteroid collisions
- volcanic activity
- solar output variation
23
Q
volcanic activity
A
major volcanic eruptions can change composition of earth
24
Q
solar output variation
A
when output is low, climate would cool
25
Asteroid collision
when asteroids collide with the earth, huge amounts of dust thrown into atmosphere
26
orbital change
the closer to the sun, the more solar radiation it is exposed to
27
Milankovitch cycle
earth changes orbit from circular to eliipitcal to circular
- in span of 96,000 years
28
what components of farming emits methane?
- rice paddies
- degestive system of cows
28
human activities increasing concentration of greenhouse gases
- transport
- agriculture
- industry
- energy
- deforestation
- burning fossil fuels
- cement production
29
which region reflects greatest proportion of radiation?
Antarctica
- white surface
29
main sources humans are cause of climate change
- declining arctic ice
- global temp rise
- sea level rise and warming oceans
- increased extreme weather events
30
greenhouse effect
- sun emits short wave length towards earth
- earth absorbs some radiation, long wavelength reflected back
- greenhouse gases can't absorb frequency of radiation
- gases re-radiate energy
- temp rises
31
effect of climate change on environment?
- changing distribution of species
- melting ice
- sea surface temp rises
- reduction in biodiversity
- changing weather patterns
32
effect of climate change on people
- more extreme weather events
- more deaths due to heat
- problems with water availability
- loss of coastal areas
- lower crop yield
33
tropical cyclone
- spin caused by earth's rotation
- form over warm water
- move west near equator
34
main features
- circular shape
- 100's of kilometres wide
- lasts 1- 2 weeks
35
3 main regions of a tropical cyclone
- eye
- eyewall
- edges
36
physical hazards
- intense rainfall
- storm surges
- high winds
- coastal flooding
- landslides
37
impact on people
- cuts of electricity supplies
- food shortages
- makes hard for aid to arrive
38
Bangladesh (case study)
- much of population is rural
- increasesd surface run off
- unplanned settlements have been built on low-lying land
- GDP is low, less able to invest
39
Bangladesh attempts to protect population
- forecasting
- satellite tech
- warning system
- evacuation strategies
- surge defences
40
USA ( case study)
Primary impacts
- May 2009
- Cyclone Aila killed 190 people and made 750,000 homeless
Secondary impacts
- crops destroyed
- farm animals killed
- sickness spread from contaminated water
41
divergent plate boundary
- plates move apart
- gap causes magma to rise
42
Preparation
- forecastin
- satellite tech
- warnings
- evacuation systems
- storm surge defences
43
convergent plate boundary
- plates slide under each other
- oceanic slides underneath continentsl
stuck, pressure builds
- causes eathquake
44
conservative plate boundary
- plates slide past each other
- in opposite directions
or same direction but at different speeds
45
what is the point where tectonics meet
plate boundary
46
where do volcanoes happen?
- divergent
- convergent
- hotspots
47
types of volcanoes
- composite
- shield
48
characteristics of a composite volcano
- found at convergent boundaies
- erupt explosively
- produce a lot of gas
- produce a lot of lava
49
characteristics of shield volcano
- found at divergent and hotspots
- not very explosive
- don't produce ash
50
difference in shield and composite
- composite has andesitic lava
- shield have basaltic flow
51
developing country pyramid
- base is wide (birth rate is high)
- middle is narrower, infant mortality is higher , life expectancy is lower
52
emerging country pyramid
- base is narrower, more women have better education and contraception
- top is wider as life expectancy and quality of healthcare is higher
53
phycical facors affecting development
- landlocked, don't have access to see when most trade is done by sea
- infertile farmland, low food production leads to death by starvation
- climate, if too hot or cold it's difficult to grow crops
- steep topography, bad for farming , transport goods & restricts trade
53
developed country pyramid
- top is wider, healthy lifestyle
- quality of life and healthcare is higher
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