Development Exam I Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
Culture
A
the shared beliefs, values, and behaviors of a group of people
2
Q
Cultural fluidity
A
the ability to navigate different cultures and the diversity the can come from people who haven’t grown up in a single cultural environment
3
Q
Cultural competence
A
the ability to interact with people from different cultures in a different way that is effective and respectful
4
Q
Cultural awareness
A
the ability to recognize and understand the differences and similarities between cultures
5
Q
Race
A
physical characteristics (skin color)
6
Q
Ethnicity
A
culture - ancestry, values, beliefs
7
Q
How can culture influence development?
A
- children can demonstrate differences in motor performance
- physical environment and access to resources
- different cultures value different skills
8
Q
Attitudinal racism
A
actions based on a set of stereotypical assumptions, feelings, beliefs, and attitudes about or toward a group of people
9
Q
Ageism
A
a form of discrimination that involves prejudice, stereotyping, and bias against people based on their age
10
Q
Client-centered care
A
a healthcare model that prioritizes the needs, preferences, and values of the client
11
Q
Periods of development: prenatal
A
conception to birth
12
Q
Periods of development: infancy and toddlerhood
A
birth to 2 years
13
Q
Periods of development: early childhood/preschool age
A
2 to 6 years
14
Q
Periods of development: middle childhood
A
6 to 11 years
15
Q
Periods of development: adolescence
A
11 to 18 years
16
Q
Periods of development: emerging adulthood
A
18 to 25 years (can go up to 40)
17
Q
Periods of development: middle adulthood
A
40 to 60 years
18
Q
Periods of development: late adulthood
A
65 to death
19
Q
Intersection of healthcare to culture
A
- Needs for clients to communicate with leaders of faith community in a healthcare crisis
- Gender-specific rules for client care relevant to faith traditions
- Modesty
- Dietary restrictions
- Valued sacred objects kept in the client’s physical space or on the body
- Traditions for the observance of sacred time
20
Q
Embryo
A
conception to 8 weeks
- all major body structures are formed
- develops human characteristics
21
Q
Fetus
A
after 8 weeks until birth
- extensive growth
- refinement of systems
22
Q
Gestational age
A
traditional, 40 weeks pregnancy
23
Q
Teratogen
A
toxins affecting the developing embryo and fetus
- degree of effect is based on timing, duration, dose (amount of exposure), and type
24
Q
Fetal viability
A
the point at which a fetus can survive outside the womb, typically around 23 or 24 weeks gestation
25
Behavioral state
an infant's level of arousal
26
Behavioral state: NREM sleep
not easily aroused
27
Behavioral state: REM sleep
easily aroused
28
Behavioral state: transition
sleep<>awake
29
Behavioral state: quiet alert
engaged with limited movement (optimal for evaluation)
30
Behavioral state: active alert
squirming, distracted, best for feeding
31
Behavioral state: crying
32
After fetus is viable, pulmonary maturity:
accelerates 28-29 weeks, respiratory difficulties until 34 weeks
33
After fetus is viable, thermal regulation:
regulating body temperature, established by 32 weeks
34
Where are teratogens most likely to affect development?
weeks 1-8
35
Preterm infant
born less than 37 weeks gestation
36
Term infant
the name used for a newborn infant that is born at 37 weeks or more in gestational age
37
Reflex
an action that is performed as a response to a stimulus and without conscious thought
38
Function at birth: smell
- have odor preferences from birth
- can locate odors and identify mother by smell
39
Function at birth: taste
- prefer sweet tastes
- quickly learn to like new tastes
40
Function at birth: touch
- primitive reflexes should be present (and later integrate)
- sensitive to pain
41
Function at birth: vestibular/proprioceptive
- lots of practice in responding to position and movement
- level of arousal can be affected by positioning
- settle babies using vestibular movement and proprioceptive input
42
Function at birth: hearing
- can hear a wide variety of sounds
- prefer complex sounds
- learn sound patterns
- sensitive to voices
43
Function at birth: vision
- least developed sense
- unable to see long distances of focus
- can scan environment and track objects
- color improves in the first four months (first color seen is red)
44
APGAR scale
- good score = 7 or higher
-Appearance (color), Pulse, Grimace (reflex), Activity (muscle tone), Respiration (classification of breathing)
45
Common challenges for new parents
- parental depression
- gender roles
- socioeconomic status
46
Periods of infancy: 0-3 months (early infancy)
- GM: head lift and lag
- FM: hands mostly closed, brief grasp
- OM: suck/swallow, rooting, phasic bite (jaw move with tongue movement)
- Cognitive: cries and coos
- Personal/Social: cries, calms to voice, visual tracking, smiling
47
Periods of infancy: 4-6 months (middle infancy)
- GM: all primitive reflexes integrated, rolling, head lifting with help to pull-sit, midline baseline, sits propped, supported standing weight bearing
- FM: hands to midline, grasping objects, reaches and rakes
- OM: first spoon feed, dissociating tongue/lips/jaw, voluntary suck
- Cognitive: babbling
- Person/Social: early play, laughs
48
Periods of infancy: 7-9 months (late infancy)
- GM: sits independently, crawling, assumes sitting, push to hands/knees, rocks in hands/knees
- FM: radial palmar, lateral pincer, voluntary release
- OM: eats from spoon, early solids with munching
- Cognitive: aware they can manipulate environment, object permanence develops, clear sounds in babble
- Personal/Social: displays anger/ fear, notices caregiver leaving
49
Periods of infancy: 10-12 months (transitional infancy)
- GM: maintain quadruped, pull to stand, cruises on furniture, walks with hands held, walks independently
- FM: inferior pincer, pincer to pad, superior pincer
- OM: eats solids, tongue lateralization, seeing rotary jaw movement
- Cognitive: first words, means-end relationship (routine)
- Personal/Social: shows attachment styles, stranger danger
50
Plagiocephaly
non-symmetrical head shape
51
Torticollis
shortening of the sternocleidomastiod
52
Developmental delay
dx criteria, age appropriate milestones
53
Failure to thrive
non-age equivalent growth pattern
54
Prefrontal cortex
uses visual system to help make decisions
55
Southern route (ventral)
object recognition, attention to detail, visual discrimination, size, shape, color, integrated with language receptors
56
Northern route (dorsal)
where integrates with vestibular system, tactile system, kinesthetic information, understand body in space and spatial orientation
57
Visual acuity
a measure of ability of the eye to distinguish shapes and details of objects at a given distance
- newborns: 20/300 to 20/800
58
Visual pursuit
track moving objects in visual field
59
Saccadic eye movement
the ability to jump from one area of focus to another
60
Accommodation
eye change to improve clarity
61
Binocular focus
the ability to use both eyes together to integrate images
62
Stereopsis
depth perception from binocular focus
63
Visual discrimination
the ability to see subtle differences
64
Form constancy
the ability to recognize and label an object viewed in different positions
65
Visual closure
the ability to recognize and label an object viewed in different positions
66
Visual memory
the ability to store visual details in short term memory and recall details
67
Figure ground
the ability to focus on one object in a busy background
68
Topographic orientation
the relationship between object and environment
69
Depth perception
the ability to see in 3 dimensions
70
Position in space
how you orient your body to your environment
71
Absolute threshold
smallest amount of light required to see an object
72
Presbyopia
ability to accommodate
73
Dynamic visual acuity
ability to accurately identify something in motion
74
Useful field of view
visual area to take information from with only brief visual glance
75
Color vision
ability to see colors; when it decrease: yellow in lens, decrease of cells in retina
76
Cataracts
lens of eyes get cloudy; 50% of 65-70 year olds
77
Age related macular degeneration
central vision is loss with peripheral in tact; leading cause of blindness in adults over 50 years old
78
Beery-Visual Motor Integration (Beery-VMI)
- requires intact fine motor skills
- assists in identifying significant difficulties in visual motor integration
79
Motor Visual Perception Test - MVPT
- no motor involvement required
- assess visual perceptual skills in 5 areas: spatial relationship, figure ground, discrimination, visual closure, visual memory
80
Developmental timeline of visual development: birht-1 month
respond to presence of light
81
Developmental timeline of visual development: 1-2 months
see 8-12 inches from face (start to stare into face and in high contract)
82
Developmental timeline of visual development: 2-3 months
examine own hands, begin tracking (light)
83
Developmental timeline of visual development: 4-5 months
reach for object visually, see in mirrors
84
Developmental timeline of visual development: 5-7 months
see full color
85
Developmental timeline of visual development: 7-12 months
see smaller objects in visual field
86
Developmental timeline of visual development: 12-18 months
distance vision
87
Developmental timeline of visual development: 1.5-2 years
rely on vision for fine motor (handwriting)
88
Developmental timeline of visual development: 2-3 years
convergence (double vision when close), binocular vision (both eyes)
89
Developmental timeline of visual development: 3-4 years (PreK age)
20/20 vision (fine, gross, visual motor milestones)
90
Developmental timeline of visual development: 5-6 years (kindergarten)
learn letters and words, orientation on paper
91
Activity
a form or action that is objective and not related to a specific client's engagement or context (intervention)
92
Occupation
the everyday activities that people do as individuals in families, and with communities to occupy time and bring meaning and purpose to life (goal)
93
Context: environmental factors
aspects of the physical, social, and attitudinal surrounding in which people live and conduct their lives
94
Context: personal factors
the unique features of a person that are not a part of a health condition or health state and that constitute the particular background of the person's life and living
95
Performance patterns: habit
specific, automatic adaptive or maladaptive behaviors
96
Performance patterns: routines
established sequences of occupations ot activities that provide a structure for daily life, can also promote or damage health
97
Performance patterns: roles
have historically been defined as sets of behaviors expected by society and shaped by culture and context
98
Performance patterns: rituals
symbolic actions with spiritual, cultural, or social meaning
99
Client factors: values, beliefs, and spirituality
100
Client factors: body functions
physiological functions of the body structures
101
Client factors: body structures
anatomical parts
102
Performance skills (observable)
motor skills, process skills, social interaction skills
103
Steps to activity analysis
1. Determine what is being analyzed
2. Determine the relevance and importance to the client
3. Determine the object, space, and social demands
4. Determine the sequence and timing
5. Determine the required body functions
6. Determine the required body structures
7. Determine the required performance skills
104
Tools
used to help complete an activity, reusable and not expendable
105
Supplies (materials)
objects or items that become depleted during the activity
106
Equipment
instruments or appliances, larger than tools, often a machine
