Development Gap Flashcards
1
Q
Access to safe water?
A
The proportion of the population who have reasonable means of getting clean safe drinking water located at a convenient distance from them
2
Q
Birth rate?
A
The number of live births per 1000 people per year
3
Q
Child mortality?
A
The number of children that die on or before their 5th birthday per 1000 live births per year
4
Q
Death rate?
A
The number of deaths per 1000 people per year
5
Q
GNP?
A
Gross national product: the total value of all goods and services produced by a country in a year including overseas (eg McDonald’s and America)
6
Q
GNI per head?
A
Gross national income: a measure of a country’s wealth- divided by the population
7
Q
HDI?
A
Human development index: an index of development using life expectancy, literacy/schooling and PPP (1 is the best)
8
Q
Infant mortality?
A
The number of children born alive who die on or before their first birthday per 1000 per year
9
Q
Life expectancy?
A
The number of years from birth a person is expected to live
10
Q
Literacy rate?
A
The percentage of adults in a country who can read and write sufficiently to fully function in work and society
11
Q
People per doctor?
A
The number of medical doctors (physicians) per 1000 of the population
12
Q
PQLI?
A
Physical quality of life index: an index of development using life expectancy, literacy and infant mortality
13
Q
PPP?
A
Purchasing power parity: the strength of someone’s income within a country (measures strength of currency)
14
Q
Limitations of specifically economic indicators?
A
They can be inaccurate where trade (exchange of good and services) is informal (not taxed)
They’re affected by exchange rate changes (often given in US $)
15
Q
Limitations of social indicators specifically?
A
Difficult to measure
No indicators for human rights
16
Q
Limitations of single development measures?
A
Can be misleading when used independently as they’re averages (elite groups in populations can massively alter statistics…they don’t show disparity)
As a country develops some aspects develop faster than others meaning a country looks more developed than it actually is (eg birth rate might drop but school enrolment might still be low)
Death rate may be high in MEDCs due to elderly population
Some factors account for population size while others don’t
Only focus on one area of development
17
Q
Positive correlations on a graph?
A
Line of best fit going upwards (data points support this)
18
Q
No correlation on a graph?
A
Data points randomly scattered…no line of best fit convenient
19
Q
Negative correlation on a graph?
A
Line of best fit going downwards with data points supporting it
20
Q
What does a stronger correlation look like?
A
The nearer the data points are to the line of best fit m, the stronger the correlation
21
Q
Example of negative correlation of measures of development?
A
As GNI per capita increases, birth rate tends to decrease
22
Q
What is standard of living?
A
Access people have to the necessities in life or a measure of their material wealth (measurable, tenable factors ... A quantitative index) Eg Nutrition Life expectancy Electricity % Literacy rate
23
Q
What is quality of life?
A
The personal view of what people value in life and how happy they are Not measurable (a qualitative index) Factors are different for all but eg: How safe you feel How nice your living environment is Peace from stress
24
Q
Composite indicators of development?
A
HDI (PPP, life expectancy, literacy rate)
25
What factors effect development?
Relief of land (eg mountains...hard to spread infrastructure, temp is low so agriculture can't grow)
Climate (arid, monsoon season...flooding, drought .... Famine)
Natural hazards (eg tectonic and climatic (hurricanes, cyclones)...if they're regular they can cause significant damage to country's infrastructure)
Infectious disease...eg malaria carrying mosquitos/ Zika virus
Natural resources
26
How do repeated natural hazards lead to a lack of development in a country?
Population - deaths, injuries and diseases (add to poverty cycle)
Trade/economy - businesses don't wanna trade with that region
Industry/economy - companies don't wanna set up factories in that region
Tourism/economy - tourists don't wanna visit that region
Money/economy - government money spent rebuilding and protecting rather than investing elsewhere (eg health care)
Time - government time spent dealing with hazards rather than passing laws which could help a country develop (eg min wage)
27
Case study of how a natural hazard impacts development?
Haiti earthquake 2010
28
Haiti earthquake key facts?
Magnitude 7
8 km deep (very shallow)
15km from Port au Prince
29
How did the earth quake impact economic development?
$11 bn of damages (60% GDP)
Lack of trade (inflation)
5000 schools destroyed (worse education...lack of long term employment in formal sector)
Banks afraid to open due to security fears (GDP/trading impacts were prolonged)
Deaths of 230,000 and injuries ... Depleted workforce
Haitis economy had been growing by 2.9% before EQ (2009) due to expanding textile industry....but these were located near port au prince port therefore got destroyed and industry moved elsewhere
30
How did Haiti earthquake impact social development?
230,000 died... Smaller workforce = less production
More poverty...1.5 mil homeless and living in camps
5000 schools destroyed
Water contamination (diseases spread quicker so more died)
Increased poverty ... Increased crime rate
20% of jobs were lost a after EQ
Collapse of large prison.. Higher crime rate= more fear/ less tourists/ lower quality of life
31
Positives of Haiti earthquake on development?
Chance to rebuild safer, more sustainable houses ... Solves housing problem for future generation... The IADB Planned to dominate $300 mil for recovery building projects (homes, gov buildings, industrial parks)
The IMF proposed an interest free loan of $100 mil to be used in the economic effort ... If invested well this could improve communications infrastructure, healthcare etc
The UNDP used $4 mil to pay people $3/day to work for 2weeks clearing rubble , roads and collecting corpses (this $3 would be spent at shops and thus start passing money through the economy again)
32
Factors that exacerbate global inequalities/damage environment?
Water quality
Water reliability/supply
Education
Health and healthcare
33
How does water quality exacerbate global inequalities?
W bad water quality (stagnant water) waterborne diseases spread quickly, eg cholera and typhoid ... Leads to massive pandemics and huge loss of life
This leads to economic strain to provide effective health care to combat diseases
Dirty water accounts for 80% of all diseases affecting LEDCs
34
How does water reliability/ supply exacerbate global inequalities and damage environments
Reasonable quality drinking water means people have to travel approx 5 miles to collect it... These are women and children who therefore can't work/ go to school
35
How does education exacerbate global inequalities?
Low child literacy= low adult literacy...quality of workforce is therefore low (unattractive to industries who won't settle there)
Gender imbalance
Lack of education means people don't make good choices (eg contraception)
Unskilled workers can be replaced easily by machines
36
How does health and healthcare exacerbate global inequalities?
Long recovery period (without healthcare budget) puts economic strain on family ... During sickness patient can't work/be educated
37
Water quality/shortage solution?
Lifesaver bottle
On Boxing Day 204 there was a EQ in Indian Ocean and tsunami
It killed 300,000 people, affect 5 mil and hit 14 countries
Epicentre was off west coast on Indonesia
Trucks of drinkable water had to be sent as flood water was too dirty
Michael Pritchard then invented a water bottle which instantly makes water potable ... Uses a 15-nanometer filter which cleans the water of any bacteria/virus
It has given 100,000s clean water without financial/environmental costs of deliever King water to remote places
38
What is the balance of trade?
Difference in value between a country's imports and exports
39
Trade deficit?
A country has a trade deficit if it's imports are more than its exports. They help during expansions and not recessions...in expansions countries need to import mroe to provide price competition which limits inflation and thus without increasing prices it provides goods beyond the country's ability to meet the supply
40
Trade surplus?
A country has a trade surplus if it's exports more than its imports
41
Trade bloc?
An intergovernmental agreement where regional barriers to trade (eg tariff barriers) are either reduced or eliminated among the participating bloc
42
Trading bloc?
A set of countries which engage in international trade together, and are usually related through a free trade agreement
Eg EU is the most successful trading bloc (32+ countries which share Schengen Agreement (free movement), common laws and military)
43
Typical LEDC imports and exports?
```
Typically they export primary products and import secondary foods
Exports:
Energy resources
Food
Textiles and clothing
Mineral wealth (ores)
=LOW VALUE
```
Imports
Finished goods (eg construction materials)
Goods and services
=VALUE ADDED
44
Advantages of global trade to MEDCs?
```
Trade surplus
Source of work
Cheap imports of raw materials
Limited mining and deforestation
Can exert pressure on LEDCs
Expensive exports of manufactured goods
```
45
Disadvantages of global trade to MEDCs?
Manufacturing goods can create air, water and visual pollution
Raw materials often come from long distances so there are high travel costs
46
Advantages of global trade to LEDCs?
Source of work
May be able to get overseas aid
Raw materials have a market in MEDCs
47
Disadvantages of global trade to LEDCs?
Trade deficit as imports cost more than exports
Limited range of exports
Problems created by mining, deforestation and overgrazing
Often tied to/ dominated by MEDCs
48
What is fair trade?
A system whereby agricultural workers in developing countries are paid a fair price for their products
It aims to help LEDC farmers achieve a reasonable standard of living (inc workers rights, environmental protocols for protection, safe working conditions, standardised trade relations)
49
How can LEDCs get a better deal on trade?
Join a fair trade scheme
| Join a trading bloc (unlikely)
50
What does fair trade specifically do?
Promotes Global Citizenship by guaranteeing a fair price for products ... Supports producers in improving their living conditions
Agreements also work to protect environment and local community so their produce is sustainable
Roughly 5 mil benefit from Fair Trade in 58 different countries
51
Different types of aid?
```
Short term (emergency/charitable)
Long term/developmental
Bilateral/conditional
Multilateral
Top-down
Bottom-up
```
52
Short term aid?
Features:
Deals w emergency situations (normally food, healthcare, blankets)
Advantages:
Donor countries can help a lot of population
Recipient countries aren't obliged to repay
Disadvantages:
Only supplied for while emergency exists (withdrawn when ordinary life resumes)...recipient might have become reliant on it
Eg riders for health in Kenya (motorbikes)
53
Long term/developmental aid?
features:
Aims to sustainably increase a countries level of development by improving standard of living and quality of life
Normally organised by NGOs
Advantages:
Recipient country can become self sufficient
Health care is improved
Agricultural support/ tech to farmers
Disadvantages:
If aid breaks (eg technology like water pumps) the LEDCs can't fix it due to poor education/resources
Eg water pumps in Bangladesh
54
Bilateral/conditional aid?
Features:
Between 2 governments
Often it is 'tied aid' where the recipient has to use aid to buy goods and services from donor countries
Large scale projects (eg dams)
Advantages:
Projects are high prestige (good for donor)
Donor countries can exploit recipient country to strengthen their global trading position
Disadvantages:
Goods may not be suited to real developmental needs of people...Large scale projects that are high in prestige but low in value to individuals
Choice of donor is made through political alliances not on basis of need
Eg UK+France to former colonies, USA to Israel
55
Multilateral aid?
Feature:
Governments give to international agencies which decide how money is spent
Many operate under UN
Advantages:
Focus on development (eg education)
Disadvantages:
Slow to install
Doesn't necessarily target people's needs
Eg UNICEF focuses on helping children, UNESCO focuses on education
56
Top down aid?
Feature:
Large scale projects
Given to gov of recipient to spend it on what they need and money comes from govs and large organisations
Advantages:
Projects that fuel economic growth can be achieved
Wealth created can trickle down to the poorest (bottom) of society
Disadvantages:
Leads to misuse of money by corrupt govs
Country can go into debt from loans borrowed to fund schemes
End project is $$$ to operate
Eg Three Gorges Dam in China took 14 years to build, $26-75 mil and 13 mil had to be relocated for its construction
57
Bottom up aid?
Features:
Small scale projects
Targets communities w no governmental interference
Usually aid from charities
Advantages:
Targets most needy people and directly helps
Volunteers from donor countries can give time/skills rather than just money
Disadvantages:
Community can become dependent
Initially only benefits a few individuals
May fail to prevent cause of problem
Eg micro-hydro schemes in Peru ('practical action' charity has installed 50 providing 30,000 w electricity)
58
What does debt do?
Create a financial obligation
59
Where do debt payments go?
To multilateral organisations (eg World Bank and IMF and other international bodies controlled by MEDCs)
To commercial/ private companies, banks or individuals
60
Why should debt be dropped?
It is unjust...payment is intolerable burden on poor countries and worsens their poverty (eg 2005/6 Kenyan budget for debt repayment was equal to combined water, roads, transport)
61
Who work to cancel debt and what have they achieved?
Altogether $110 bn
Heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) initiative has cancelled $55 bn for 32 countries since 96
Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) has written off $45 bn
62
What is a conservation swap?
Agreeing to cancel debt of a country if they promise to preserve an area of international environmental recognition (make environmental commitments)
Eg stopping deforestation in the Amazon
63
Example of conservation swap?
REDD+ reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. This is controlled by the UN: maintains forest, reforest (replant where has already been deforested) and afforest (make completely new forest)
64
How do debt abolition and conservation swaps help reduce global inequalities?
Debt abolition= enables LEDCs to alter their spending towards social spending whichll increase populations standard of living. Eg in 1 African countries there was a 40% increase in education and 70% increase in health spending after 4 years of debt relief... = healthier/more prosperous population which will fuel a more successful economy reducing global disparity
Conservation swaps incentivise LEDCs to preserve environment and thus reap the benefits of their significant regions. Eg they can introduce ecotourism to that region which will act as a long term (sustainable) source of income
65
How does political instability exacarbate global inequality?
```
High imprisonment rate
Corruption
Civil war (conscription)
Lack of human rights
Conflict betw political and ethnic groups (eg Jamaica)
```
66
What corruption?
The abuse of entrusted power for private gain. Can be classified as grand, petty and political depending on the amount of money lost and the sector it occurs
67
Conditions for corruption?
Exploitable natural resource
Scarcity of public assets
Low wages in public sector (incentive to get more money)
High levels of state planning (centralised gov)
High income inequality
Inefficient judicial systems (no accountability)
68
Impacts of corruption?
POLITICAL:
Obstructs democracy and law...institutions lose legitimacy when misused for private advantage
ECONOMICALLY:
Depletes national wealth...politicians will invest scarce public resources into projects that will earn them money/prestige (like oil refineries) rather than benefit communities (schools, hospitals).
It'll defer investment and thus hinders development of fair market system/communication infrastructure (eg Airports which might have been built)
SOCIALLY:
Undermines people's trust in political system
ENVIRONMENTALLY:
Leads to careless exploitation of natural resources (companies across globe pay bribes in return for unrestricted destruction)
69
Case study for impact of unstable government on development
Afghanistan, SW Asia (30.5mil population)
70
History of afghans instability
USSR Invaded in 1979, but US financed group to fight this
Peace treaty was signed but country remained in civil war
When talk an took control, severe punishments were enforced
1.5 in Corruption Perception Index
71
Environmental impacts on development in Afghanistan?
Livestock and farming do crops have been monopolised by taliban and armed forces (despite 80% population dependent on this)
Deforestation for timber as its highly profitable...death of animals and limited flood defences
Lack of food= famine
This are all alleviated by the droughts that the country regularly experiences
72
Social impacts on development in Afghanistan?
Literacy rate has fallen from 36% to 28% since 2001 (less skilled jobs and foreign investment will be limited) = cycle of poverty
Many services have been halted due to lack of manpower... Teacher have been drawn into the war or fled
US Bombing of hospitals destroyed medical infrastructure meaning death rate increased
Buildings were destroyed so gov became reliant on aid and borrowing from the world bank (more debt and less money available for investment in society)
Afghanistan has become the greatest illicit opium producer in the world with 1.5 mil addicts in the country
73
Economic impacts on development in Afghanistan?
Afghan gov claims the country owns $3 trillion in untapped mineral deposits (would make it richest mining regions on earth) but due to conflicts it is 175th of UN HDI list
35% population is unemployed
36% population live under National Poverty Line
Afghan economy has begun to improve since 2002 due to international assistance and investments
But much land (after 4yr drought) has been used for the growth of opium poppies with support of the Taliban. The money generated by selling opium in the illegal global market is controlled by the Taliban and therefore sales strengthens their regime
74
Case study for a development project?
The white revolution project provided by the Heifer International NGO in Rwanda
75
Features of White revolution
* It has been done in India, China and now East Africa, specifically Uganda, Kenya and Rwanda
* It is a surge in dairy production based on low level technology
* It aims to improve the genetic stock of dairy cattle for more milk, gives cattle to farmers, provides veterinary care, provides information to farmers and keeps the milk cold.
* The cow manure can be used for biogas- more sustainable source of energy
* This will increase the incomes of farmers, improving their quality of life and will provide employment + nutrition for the locals
* Population growth + urbanisation (which leads to a population which can afford better and more varied foods) create a need for this food
76
What has white revolution recieved and why?
$43mil in grants in order to donate pregnant heifers to needy farmers
77
Why is the theory behind white revolution good?
Sustainable as rather than donating milk (finite amount) the heifer will be a long term source
Moreover, before giving 1200 heifers to the 600 families in Rwanda, the farmers were trained on how to care for the animals
78
What is the hub?
Provided by the east-African dairy development project
• A full circle of dairy services which aim to deliver services that are needed for the project to succeed
• Services like chilling units, advisors, health care for the animals etc.
Helps the dairy corporation succeed
79
Socio economic effects of the white revolution?
The income allows families to pay for education of children- higher literacy rate +more education- higher chance of employability- better quality of life
• Income also means the families can buy other products- improves the local economy
• more jobs are created- better quality of life + better economy
• biogas lighting allows children to do hmw later into the night (after it gets dark)- higher literacy rates
• Increases trade with other countries, Nestle is looking to purchase large quantities of milk
• A healthier population (due to higher protein consumption) helps reduce disease contraction- can study/ work more- social and economic development should be easier- creates more work- better economy- more spending on healthcare +infrastructure
80
Environmental effects/positives of white revolution?
* Use of biogas is environmentally friendly
| * The natural environment of East Africa is well suited for dairy farming- working with nature rather than against it
81
Case study for looking at contrasts in development in EUROPE?
Romania and UK
82
Political reasons why UK is more developed than Romania?
England has had a stable and relatively incorrupt government for the past 200 years- less money taken from the economy and less repression + killings- better economy and quality of life
• The UK used to be a large colonial power- gained a large amount of money, power, and ties from its colonies- better economy and has a trade surplus because of its colonies
• Meanwhile Romania has had a unstable political history (1930-1989) ending with the execution of Nicolae Ceausescu and the end of his communist regime- brutal ruling + repression lead to decrease of economy + quality of life
• Romania has high levels of corruption- less spent on important areas of the economy like healthcare and education- lower quality of life, worse economy, low chances of employability
• The UK has been in the EU for a lot longer- had a large time to profit from the trade bloc
83
Locational reasons the uk is more developed than Romania?
* UK is in Western Europe whilst Romania is in Eastern Europe- western European countries generally have more wealth
* Romania has a varied topography (up to 2000m elevation) and climate (very cold winters)- makes it a lot harder to grow crops which is Romania’s main source of income
* UK is near rich countries like France and has a strong naval trade- more trade- better economy- more money to spend on development
84
Facts about Romania and uk
```
Romania = 31.5% jobs in agriculture (despite more extreme climate making it more difficult)
GDP= $20,000 per capita
```
```
UK = 1.5% jobs rely on agriculture
GDP= $41,100 per capita
```
85
Case study for a development project?
The white revolution project provided by the Heifer International NGO in Rwanda
86
Features of White revolution
* It has been done in India, China and now East Africa, specifically Uganda, Kenya and Rwanda
* It is a surge in dairy production based on low level technology
* It aims to improve the genetic stock of dairy cattle for more milk, gives cattle to farmers, provides veterinary care, provides information to farmers and keeps the milk cold.
* The cow manure can be used for biogas- more sustainable source of energy
* This will increase the incomes of farmers, improving their quality of life and will provide employment + nutrition for the locals
* Population growth + urbanisation (which leads to a population which can afford better and more varied foods) create a need for this food
87
What has white revolution recieved and why?
$43mil in grants in order to donate pregnant heifers to needy farmers
88
Why is the theory behind white revolution good?
Sustainable as rather than donating milk (finite amount) the heifer will be a long term source
Moreover, before giving 1200 heifers to the 600 families in Rwanda, the farmers were trained on how to care for the animals
89
What is the hub?
Provided by the east-African dairy development project
• A full circle of dairy services which aim to deliver services that are needed for the project to succeed
• Services like chilling units, advisors, health care for the animals etc.
Helps the dairy corporation succeed
90
Socio economic effects of the white revolution?
The income allows families to pay for education of children- higher literacy rate +more education- higher chance of employability- better quality of life
• Income also means the families can buy other products- improves the local economy
• more jobs are created- better quality of life + better economy
• biogas lighting allows children to do hmw later into the night (after it gets dark)- higher literacy rates
• Increases trade with other countries, Nestle is looking to purchase large quantities of milk
• A healthier population (due to higher protein consumption) helps reduce disease contraction- can study/ work more- social and economic development should be easier- creates more work- better economy- more spending on healthcare +infrastructure
91
Environmental effects/positives of white revolution?
* Use of biogas is environmentally friendly
| * The natural environment of East Africa is well suited for dairy farming- working with nature rather than against it
92
Case study for looking at contrasts in development in EUROPE?
Romania and UK
93
Political reasons why UK is more developed than Romania?
England has had a stable and relatively incorrupt government for the past 200 years- less money taken from the economy and less repression + killings- better economy and quality of life
• The UK used to be a large colonial power- gained a large amount of money, power, and ties from its colonies- better economy and has a trade surplus because of its colonies
• Meanwhile Romania has had a unstable political history (1930-1989) ending with the execution of Nicolae Ceausescu and the end of his communist regime- brutal ruling + repression lead to decrease of economy + quality of life
• Romania has high levels of corruption- less spent on important areas of the economy like healthcare and education- lower quality of life, worse economy, low chances of employability
• The UK has been in the EU for a lot longer- had a large time to profit from the trade bloc
94
Locational reasons the uk is more developed than Romania?
* UK is in Western Europe whilst Romania is in Eastern Europe- western European countries generally have more wealth
* Romania has a varied topography (up to 2000m elevation) and climate (very cold winters)- makes it a lot harder to grow crops which is Romania’s main source of income
* UK is near rich countries like France and has a strong naval trade- more trade- better economy- more money to spend on development
95
Facts about Romania and uk
```
Romania = 31.5% jobs in agriculture (despite more extreme climate making it more difficult)
GDP= $20,000 per capita
```
```
UK = 1.5% jobs rely on agriculture
GDP= $41,100 per capita
```
96
How to calculate balance of trade?
Exports - imports
```
Neg= trade defecit
Pos= trade surplus
```
97
Policies aimed at reducing inequalities in the EU?
Common Agricultural Policy
Urban II fund
European Investment Bank (EIB)
Structural Fund
98
CAP ?
System of payment given to EU farmers:
This guarantees price of crops with guaranteed market
Common price among the EU so no competition
Favours EU products (protectionist policy) carried out via trade barriers to non-EU
Monetary aid given to problem regions (eg NW Scotland)
99
What happens in CAP?
Set Asides: Farmers paid to leave 20% of their land unformed to prevent overproduction (eg plant with trees)... This ended in 2008
Quotas (agreed max level of production and imports)
Subsidies: grants from gov to aid/compensate production...phased out in 2005 and replaced with single farm payment (SFP)= a lump sum funding. In return farmers promise to produce in response to demand and protect the countryside
100
Positives of CAP?
```
Higher yields (more capital for machinery and fertilisers)
Production has changed to demand (less wheat and potatoes... More animal products and sugar beet)
Subsidies to rural population has reduced rural depopulation
Reduced reliance on imported crops from developing countries which have food shortage themselves
```
101
Negatives of CAP?
Increase in food prices (esp in UK and Germany)
Creation of food surpluses
Selling of surplus food at low price to non-EU countries (political and social opposition)
UK Object to 70% of EU budget being spent on agriculture
Destruction of hedges to create larger fields destroys wildlife and increase soil erosion risk
By reducing LEDC imports their main source of income reduces increasing disparity
102
What is Urban II fund?
Money to improve social, economic and environmental problems in cities, making urban spaces more sustainable
103
European investment bank EIB?
Money for investing in regional development eg to help places experiencing industrial decline
104
Structural fund?
Money given to poorer regions for improving infrastructure esp transport
Regions whose GDP is less than 75% EU average are targeted- the aim is to accelerate economic development so they catch up with other regions (€350 bn budget in 2007-13)
