Development in adolescence Flashcards
Adolescence
- derived from Latin word adolescence which means to grow in maturity or grow into adulthood
- the individual changes from being child-like to being adult-like
- a period of self-examination and emerging identity
- physical onset of adolescence is marked by the changes that occur during puberty
Puberty
Biological events leading to adult-sized body and sexual maturity
Rate of development
At puberty is more raped than at any other time of life except infancy
Onset:
- girls 10 years
- boys 12 years
Changes during puberty
- height: 10-12 inches
- weight: 50-75 lbs
- influencers: hormones, genetics, nutrition
Growth hormone
- stimulates cell replications and cell growth
- targets many cells in body. Preferential to bone and muscle cells
Testosterone/estrogen
- stimulates sexual maturity
- primary sex characteristics: reproductive organ development
- secondary sex characteristics: external signs of reproductive development
Girls
- peak growth spurt achieved around 10-13.5 years
- peak muscle performance spurt 11-14 years
- pelvis and pelvic outlet widens to ready for child-bearing
- increased fat deposition
Boys
- peak growth spurt achieved around 14 years
- peak muscular development spurt around 16 years
- increased growth in shoulders
- increased muscle deposition
- adult stature reached around 15.5 years
Hormones (genetic)
Heredity contributes significantly to the timing of biological changes that occur in puberty
Hormones (nutrition)
- adipose tissue stimulates start of puberty
- adipose tissue delays the start of puberty
- during peak growth spurt boys require 2700 cal/day and girls require 2200 cal/day (dependent on body comp, growth rate, and activity level)
End of puberty
- no distinct, agreed upon end of puberty
- possible markers: closure of epiphyseal plates and maximum height/adult stature achieved
Fine motor skills
- negligible development in adolescence
- smooth, fluid arm and hand movemnts
Gross motor skills
- refined calibration of movements
- refined and matured bilateral coordination of skills
Motor skill development
- changes in motor skill performance correlate with physical growth
- differences in physical performance for both genders are significantly affected by training
Exercise guidelines
Per CDC for teens
- 60+ min of daily physical activity
- 3 days/week mm strengthening
- 3 days/week bone strengthening
- 3 days/week aerobic activities
Piaget’s 4 stage
Formal operational stage
- developed ability for abstract, systematic, and scientific thinking
- dont need concrete items or objects
- can evaluate logical statements without referring to real-world circumstances
- cognitive skills allow for the transfer and adaptation of previously learned tasks to new environments
- improved temporal organization
Temporal organization
Ability to understand sequencing of time and plan an activity from start to finish
Information processing
During ado
- adult-like working memory, cognitive processing, and speed
- adult-like knowledge and understanding: indirectly increases cognitive processing; as content knowledge increases, adolescents become more skilled at indetifying appropriate strategies for a specific task
- problem solving more readily and analytically: better skilled at finding weaknesses in an argument, but dont always use skills efficiently
Perspective taking
More complex thinking can lead to a distorted image of self and others
- teenagers become quite concerned with what others think of them
- 5 stages of perspective-taking
1. Undifferentiated
2. Social-informational
3. Self-reflective
4. Third person
5. Societal
Altered decision making
- decreased rational thinking during decisions
- limited ability to assess/predict possible outcomes
- learning from mistakes to influence future decisions
- limited ability to consider alternatives
- emphasize short-term goals
Vision of self
Becomes more complex, well organized, and more consistent with strengths and limitations
Self esteem
Changes typically linked to peer relationships and athletic capacities
- varied community and extra-curricular activities give adolescents the apportunity to explore values and responsibilities
Need for autonomy
A sense of oneself as a …
Phases/statuses
- diffusion
- foreclosure
- moratorium
- achievement
