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circ-histology and embryology > development of circulatory system aka. kaka > Flashcards

development of circulatory system aka. kaka Flashcards

1
Q

primordial heart and vascular sysem appear in ____

A

the middle of the third week

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2
Q

heart begins to beat at ____ , circulation begins on ____

A

day 22-23
day 24

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3
Q

the cell that are going to form the heart lie in the ____ , these cell migrate to ____

A

epiblast
visceral/splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm

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4
Q

initial cluster of horse-shoe shaped cells that are going to form the heart

A

primary heart field (PHF)

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5
Q

primary heart field will later become ____

A

cardiogenic mesoderm or cardiac crescent

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6
Q

initial orientation of primary heart field and pericardial cavity

A

primary heart field is around the crainal neural folds
pericardial cavity lies dorsally on top of the PHF

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7
Q

PHF will form which portions of the heart?

A

atria and entire left ventricle

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8
Q

some parts od atria, most of right ventricle and outflow tract is derived from which structure?

A

secondary heart field (SHF)

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9
Q

where does the SHF (secondary heart field) cells originate from?

A

pharyngeal mesoderm

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10
Q

cells of PHF and SHF are organized in a specific order for development
from lateral to medial they will form:

A

atria
left ventricle
right ventricle
conotruncal segment

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11
Q

what is cardiogenic region?

A

when underlying pharyngeal mesoderm induces PHF forms cardiac myoblast and blood islands.
Eventually, blood islands are fused to form endothelial lined tubes which are surrounded by myoblasts.

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12
Q

primordium of diaphragm

A

septum transversum

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13
Q

how does dorsal aortae form?

A

blood islands appearing bilaterally, parallel and close to midline of the embryonic shield form longitudinal vessels

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14
Q

master gene for left sidedness

A

PITX2

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15
Q

____ is essential for normal heart development. The gene pathway is expressed in lateral plate mesoderm on ____

A

Laterality
left side

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16
Q

SHF exhibit laterality, cells on the right side contribute to ____.
Left-right axis signalling pathway is also responsible for ____

A

left side of the outflow tract
spiraling nature of pulmonary artery and aorta

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17
Q

Main inductor of heart development

A

NKX2.5

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18
Q

What is the initial position of cardiogenic area in relation to other parts?

A

cardiogenic area is in front of oropharyngeal membrane =
heart is outside the thoracic cavity

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19
Q

As a result of craniocaudal folding, heart tube and pericardial cavity becomes ____ to foregut and ____ to oropharyngeal membrane

A

ventral
caudal

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20
Q

Initially there are a pair of endocardial tubes, how do they form one continuous tube?

A

during lateral folding of the embryo, the tubes fuse

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21
Q

endocardial tube is suspended/connected to posterior wall by ____

A

dorsal mesocardium

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22
Q

when dorsal mesocardium degenerates what holds heart in the pericardial cavity?

A

large vessels

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23
Q

how does tranverse pericardial sinus forms?

A

degeneration of dorsal mesocardium

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24
Q

myocardium is derived from ____

A

splanchnic mesoderm surrounding pericardial cavity

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25
Q

myocardium thickens and secretes ECM to produce ____

A

cardiac jelly

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26
Q

epicardium and progenitors for coronary vasculature are derived from ____

A

proepicardial organ: a special group of mesodermal cells

forms endothelial lining and smooth muscle cells of coronary vasculature

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27
Q

endocardium is derived from ____

A

endothelial tube

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28
Q

cardiac loop

cephalic (ventricular) portion bends ____
caudal (atrial) portion bends ____

A

ventral, caudal, right
dorsal, cranial, left

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29
Q

____ seperates primitive ventricle and bulbus cordis as cardiac tube is organized

A

bulboventricular septum

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30
Q

bulbus cordis will form

A

caudal part: right ventricle (trabeculated part)
cranial part: outflow tract = conotruncal segment

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31
Q

proximal part of outflow tract or conotruncal segment will form

A

conus arteriosus
wall of aortic vestibule:

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32
Q

conus arteriosus is ____

A

upper part of right ventricle, the origin of pulmonary trunk

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33
Q

the distal portion of conotruncal segment will form

A

truncus arteriosus

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34
Q

truncus arteriosus will form

A

ascending aorta and the pulmonary aorta
cranial end connected to aortic sac

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35
Q

dextocardia occurs when heart tube bends to ____, so that heart is displaced to ____

A

left
right

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36
Q

common atrium receives blood from ____

A

sinus venosus

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37
Q

initially sinus venosus has 2 horns (left and right), each horn receives blood from ____

A

vitelline vein
umbilical vein
common cardinal vein

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38
Q

left to right shunt of sinus venosus

A

left veins are mostly obliterated, so left sinus loses its importance and right becomes larger

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39
Q

remaining part of left horn of sinus venosus forms the ____

A

oblique vein of LA and coronary sinus

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40
Q

right vitelline vein enlarges and forms ____

A

inferior vena cava
most of hepatic portal system

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41
Q

when right sinus venosus is incorporated into wall of atrium ____ forms on right atrium

A

sinus venarum

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42
Q

right atrium

part where sinus venosus incorporated has ____ , the original right side of primitive atrium is ____

A

smooth wall
pectinate trabeculiation

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43
Q

right auricle

A

functionally contractile small appendage

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44
Q

what structure border of trabeculated and smooth wall

A

crista terminalis

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45
Q

left and right venous valves develop on both sides of ____

A

superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
coronary sinus openings

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46
Q

right atrium

septum spurium is a ____ septum which forms by _____

A

transient
dorsocrainal joint of left and right venous valves

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47
Q

the left venous valve in right atrium eventually becomes part of ____

A

septum secundum

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48
Q

inferiorly the right valves of the right atrium form the _____

A

valve of inferior vena cava
valve of coronary sinus

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49
Q

at first single pulmonary vein develops as an ____

A

outgrowth of posterior left atrial wall

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50
Q

outgrowth of single pulmonary vein forms the ____ of left atrium, and the original left atrium becomes the _____

A

smooth walled part
trabeculated atrial appendage

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51
Q

primitive ventricle forms the ____ and its walls get ____

A

left ventricle
trabeculated

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52
Q

primitive right ventricle is formed by

A

trabeculated proximal third of the bulbus cordis

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53
Q

bulboventricular sulcus will become ____ and indicated externally _____

A

interventricular sulcus
junction between ventricle and the bulbus cordis

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54
Q

on the internal side, the junction between ventricle and bulbus cordis has ____

A

primary/primitve interventricular foramen

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55
Q

____ connects the common atrium and the early embryonic ventricle

A

atrioventricular canal

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56
Q

face anomalies and heart anomalies are correlatitive because ____

A

neural crest cells contribute to the secondary heart field

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57
Q

partiotioning heart into four chambers is accomplished by ____

A

formation of septa

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58
Q

septation has 2 components

A
  1. narrow strip of tissue (septa) growth from the wall
  2. endocardial cushions
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59
Q

septa never completely divides the original lumen, the lumen is closed secondarily by ____

A

contribution of neighboring tissue

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60
Q

endocardial cushions

A

tissue masses by synthesis and deposition of ECM and cell proliferation

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61
Q

endocardial cushion cells are derived by ____ and also by invasion of ____

A

epithelial to mesenchymal transition
neural crest cels (at outflow tract)

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62
Q

endocardial cushion assist in formation of

A

atrial and ventricular (membranous portion) septa
atrioventricular canals and valves
aortic and pulmonary channels

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63
Q

septum primum

A

initial cardiac septa in common atrium

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64
Q

the opening between lower rim of the septum primum and the endocardial cushions is ____

A

ostium primum

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65
Q

how is ostium secundum formed?

A

apoptosis occuring in upper portion of teh septum primum creates perforation.
The perforations fuse to form the ostium secundum.

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66
Q

as the ostium primum closes by endocardial cushion growth what structure ensures free blood flow from right to left atrium?

A

ostium secundum

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67
Q

how does the septum secundum forms?

A

lumen of the right atrium expands due to incorporation of the sinus horn, a new crescent shaped fold appears.

grows bilaterally

68
Q

foramen ovale

A

opening left by the septum secundum as it stars to overlap ostium secundum

69
Q

valve of the oval foramen is formed by ____

A

remaining lower part of septum primum as rest of it gradually dissapears

70
Q

function of foramen ovale

A

allows oxygenated blood coming from IVC to pass to left atrium

71
Q

what prevent backflow of blood in the atria in fetus?

A

Blood flows in a staggered fashion: foramen ovale and foramen secundum. –> unidirectional
Valve of foramen ovale (septum primum) collapses on foramen ovale if blood tries to move in the other direction.

72
Q

what happens to oval foramen after birth?

A

when lung circulation begins, the pressure in the left atrium increases so the valve of foramen is pressed against the septum secundum, obliterating the foramen.
3 years old: oval foramen completely fuses with septum secundum.

73
Q

probe patency of oval foramen

A

fusion of septum primum and secundum is incomplete, so the foramen can be opened with a probe.

74
Q

excessive resorption of septum primum can cause

A

patent foramen ovale
(atrial septal defect)

75
Q

when tricuspid atresia occurs (tricuspid valves are completely blocked), these should also be present for functionality

A

patent foramen ovale: all blood passes to left ventricle
pulmonary stenosis: left ventricle pumps blood to aorta and pulmonary trunk

76
Q

muscular interventricular septum forms by ____ , so the cells are ____

A

expansion of medial walls of myocardium
cardiomyocytes

77
Q

membranous part of the interventricular septum forms in the area of ____ by tissue derived from ____

A

interventricular foramen
endocardial cushion

78
Q

ventricular septal defect usually occurs in the ____ of interventricular septum.

A

membranous

79
Q

atrioventricular divisions occurs by growth of ____

A

endocardial cushions on dorsal, ventral and lateral sides

80
Q

true/false

when atriıventricular septum is formed, the heart chambers are in correct alignment.

A

false: it is remodeled for correct alignment

81
Q

atrioventricular valves are derived from ____

A

mesenchymal tissue –> connective tissue
endocardium

82
Q

how does teh atrioventricular valves form?

A
  1. Bloodstream hollows out and thins the local tissue around atrioventricular orifices
  2. valves form and remian attached to ventricular wall by muscular cords
  3. the muscular tissue in the cords is replaced by dense connective tissue
83
Q

outflow tract is divided by ____ which runs in a ____ way

A

conotruncal septum
spiral

84
Q

outflow tract
right side become:
left side become :

A

right side become: aortic channel
left side become : pulmonary channel

spiral

85
Q

in addition to endocardial cushions, the interventricular foramen close is assisted by ____

A

proliferation of right and left conus cushions in the outflow tract

86
Q

the semilunar valves develop from ____

A

swellings of subendocardial tissue around orifices

87
Q

____ contribute to formation of semilunar valves

A

neural crest cells

88
Q

outflow tract defects may occur due to which cells?

A

SHF
neural crest cell

89
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A
  1. pulmonary stenosis
  2. interventricular defect
  3. hypertrophy
  4. overriding aorta
90
Q

persistant truncus arteriosus occurs when ____ and causes ____

A

septation of conotruncal area fails
always mixed blood in aorta and pulmonary artery

91
Q

transposition of great vessels

A

aorta from right : carries deoxygenated
pulmonary artery from left: carries oxygen rich
patent ductus arteriousus enables some oxygenated blood to pass to ascending aorta

92
Q

pulmonary atresia (the pulmonary valves are closed)

A

patent oval foramen
patent ductus arteriosus
so that blood is sent to lung by left ventricle –> aorta –> ductus arteriosus –> pulmonary artery

93
Q

atrioventricular node and bundle of His are derived from ___

A

cells in left wall of sinus venosus
cells from atrioventricular canal

94
Q

initially the pacemaker cells that will form sinoatrial node are found in ___

A

caudal part of left cardiac tube

95
Q

blood cells and vessels are derived from

A

mesoderm

96
Q

mesoderm cells form ____ which are common precursor for vessel and blood cell formation

A

hemangioblast

97
Q

definitive hematopoietic stem cells are from mesoderm in ____

A

aortagonad mesonephros region (AGM)

98
Q

arterial system

aortic sac

A

end point of truncus arteriosus

99
Q

Aortic arches arise from ____ . they are embedded (travel through) in the mesenchyme of ____. They terminate at ____

A

aortic sac
pharyngeal arches
right and left dorsal aorta

100
Q

dorsal aorta remain paired in ____, in ____ they fuse to form a single vessel

A

region of arches (cranial part)
caudal regions

101
Q

The five aortic arches are numbered as

A

1,2,3,4,6

5 never forms or regresses

102
Q

aortic sac form ___

A

right horn
left horn

103
Q

proximal segment of aortic arch is formed by ____

A

left horn of aortic sac

104
Q

brachiocephalic artery is formed by ____

A

right horn of aortic sac

105
Q

small portion of first aortic arch forms ____

A

maxillary artery

106
Q

remaining portions of 2nd aortic arch

A

hyoid and stapedial arteries

107
Q

which aortic arches are large?

A

3,4,6th

108
Q

____ arches are continous with pulmonary trunk

A

6th

109
Q

Proximal part of common carotid artery is formed by

A

3rd aortic arch

110
Q

first part of internal carotid artery is formed by ___

A

3rd aortic arch

111
Q

distal portion of internal carotid artery is formed by

A

cranial portion of dorsal aorta

112
Q

external carotid artery is a sprout of ___

A

3rd aortic arch

113
Q

3rd aortic arch develops into

A

proximal part of common carotid artery
frst part of internal carotid artery
a sprouting forms the external carotid artery

114
Q

on the left 4th aortic arch forms

A

middle portion of arch of aorta (between left common carotid and left subclavian artery)

115
Q

on the right 4th aortic arch forms

A

most proximal segment of right subclavian artery

116
Q

right subclavian artery is formed by

A

proximal: right subclavian
distal: right dorsal aorta + 7th intersegmental artery

117
Q

on the right 6th aortic arch becomes

A

proximal segment of right pulmonary artery

(only proximal part of aortic arch)

118
Q

on the left 6 arch becomes

A

proximal –> left pulmonary artery
distal –> ductus arteriosus

119
Q

reccurennt laryngeal nerves supply ____ arches

A

6th pharyngeal

120
Q

difference for right and left recuurrent laryngeal nerves

A

on the right 6th aortic arch dissapears so nerve hooks around right subclavian
on the left 6th aortic arch persists as ductus arteriosus, so nerve hooks around it.

121
Q

preductal vs. postductal coarctation (narrowing of aorta)

A

if preductal: ductus arteriosus persists and compensate for coarctation
if postductal: intercosal and internal thoracic arteries are hypertrophied

122
Q

intersegmental artery system develops as ____ and supply ____

A

branches from dorsal aorta
posterior, lateral and anterior body

123
Q

vertebral artery is formed by ____

A

longitudinal anastomoses of 1-7 cervical intersegmental arteries

124
Q

in fetus vitelline arteries supply ____

A

yolk sac

125
Q

in the adult vitelline arteries are represented by _____

A

celiac artery
superior mesenteric artery

126
Q

inferior mesenteric artery is formed by

A

umbilical artery

127
Q

originally, umbilical arteries are ____ .
during 4th week each artery acquires a secondary connection with ____, which is the _____

A

ventral branches of dorsal aorta
dorsal branch of aorta
common iliac artery

128
Q

internal iliac and superior vesical arteries are formed by ___

A

proximal portion of the umbilical artery

129
Q

the distal parts of umbilical arteries are obliterated to form the ____

A

medial umbilical ligaments

130
Q

3 pairs of veins seen in fetus

A
  1. vitelline
  2. umblical
  3. cardinal
131
Q

vitelline veins form a plexus around ____

A

duodenum

132
Q

____ through their course they form hepatic sinusoids

A

vitelline veins

133
Q

left and right hepatocardiac channels are formed by ____ where left is rechanneled to right

A

vitelline veins

134
Q

right and left hepatic veins are formed by

A

right and left vitelline veins

135
Q

portal vein is formed by

A

anastomosis of right and left vitelline veins

136
Q

hepatic inferior vena cava is formed by ____ which is formed by ____

A

right hepatocardiac channells
vitelline vein

137
Q

direct communication between left umbilical vein and right hepatocardiac channel

A

ductus venosus

138
Q

ductus venosus function

A

carries oxygenated blood coming from left umbilical vein directly to inferior vena cava

139
Q

after birth
left umbilical vein becomes
ductus venosus becomes

A

left umbilical vein : ligamentum teres hepatis
ductus venosus: ligamentum venosum

140
Q

anterior cardinal veins drain

A

cephalic part of embryo

141
Q

posterior cardinal veins drain

A

rest of the embryo

142
Q

function of posterior cardinal veins are taken over by

A

supracardinal
subcardinal
sacrocardinal veins

143
Q

supracardinal veins drain

A

body wall by way of intercostals

144
Q

subcardinal veins drain

A

kidneys

145
Q

sacrocardinal veins drain

A

lower extremities

146
Q

left brachiocephalic vein develops from

A

anastomosis between anterior cardinal veins

147
Q

internal jugular veins formed by

A

anterior cardinal veins as they provides primary venous drainage of head

148
Q

external jugular veins are derived from ____

A

plexus of venous vessels in the face

149
Q

superior cena cava is formed by

A

right common cardinal vein and proximal portion of the right anterior cardinal vein

150
Q

left superior intercostal vein form by ____ and receives blood from ____

A

terminal portion of left posterior cardinal vein
2nd-3rd intercostal spaces

151
Q

hemiazygos vein is formed by ____ and drains ____

A

left supracardinal
left 4-7th intercostals

152
Q

azygos vein is formed by ____ and drains ____

A

right supracardinal vein and posterior cardinal vein
4-11th intercostal

153
Q

inferior vena cava has 3 segments
hepatic
renal
sacrocardinal

A

hepatic : right hepatocardiac
renal: right subcardinal
sacrocardinal: right sacrocardinal

154
Q

anastamosis between subcardinal veins form

A

left renal vein

155
Q

left subcardinal veins dissapears where its distal portion remains as ____

A

left gonadal vein

156
Q

double inferior vena cava

A

left sacrocardinal vein persist

157
Q

lymphatic system orginiate from

A

endothelium of veins

158
Q

5 sacs of lymphatic system

A

2 jugular
2 iliac
1 retroperitoneal
cisterna chyli

159
Q

thoracic duct form by

A

anastomosis of
cranial part of left thoracic
distal part of right thoracic

160
Q

right lymphatic duct develops from

A

cranial part of right thoracic duct

161
Q

fetal circulation

from mother to fetal heart

A

umbilical vein –>ductus venosus (mixes with blood from portal vein) –> IVC –> right atrium

162
Q

fetal circulation

from heart to head

A

right atrium –> foramen ovale –> left atrium –> left ventricle –> aortic arch –> coronary arteries + vessels of head

163
Q

fetal circulation

from heart to pulmonary vessels

A

right ventricle –> pulmonary artery –> ductus arteriosus –> descending aorta

164
Q

blood leaves fetal circulation by

A

umbilical arteries arise from descending aorta

165
Q

brain and heart gets ____ O2
body and lungs get ____ O2 as ____

A

high amount
moderate
blood returning from SVC mixed in right ventricle

166
Q

most oxygenated blood in fetus after umbilical vein is

A

inferior vena cava (ductus venosus)

circ-histology and embryology (7 decks)

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