Development of GU system

Question 1

What is the proper term for Wolffian ducts?

Answer 1

Mesonephric ducts

Question 2

What is the proper name for Muellerian ducts?

Answer 2

Paramesonephric ducts

Question 3

Wolffian ducts = ____. Muellerian = _____.

Answer 3

Male

Female

Question 4

What does the metanephros duct and blastema turn into?

Answer 4

Kidney

Question 5

What is the cloaca?

Answer 5

Outlet for waste

Question 6

What precedes the mesonephros?

Answer 6

Pronephros

Question 7

What does the mesonephric duct connect to during development? What grows off it?

Answer 7

Cloaca

Ureteric bud grows off (and eventually becomes urine collecting tubes of kidneys)

Question 8

What goes on to become the functioning portion of the kidney?

Answer 8

Metanephric blastema

Question 9

What are the pair of genital ridges?

Answer 9

Induce formation of sex cords to become ovary of testes. in mesonephros Happens in response to arrival of primordial germ cells

Question 10

What is the indifferent stage?

Answer 10

At weeks 5-6. Cannot tell if embryo is male or female.

Question 11

Which kidney is higher?

Answer 11

Left (liver is big)

Question 12

What are locations of possible restriction of ureters?

Answer 12

1. Hilum
2. Crossing pelvic brim
3. Entering the bladder

Question 13

Where is ureter pain referred?

Answer 13

T10-L1. Referred to ipsilateral lower quadrant paint (inguinal region)

Question 14

What does the cloaca divide into between weeks 4-6?

Answer 14

Urogenital sinus and rectum by the urorectal septum.

Question 15

What is the allantois?

Answer 15

An open tube that connects to the yolk sac after two systems (urogenital and rectum) separate. Becomes a closed tube called the urachus and ultimately the median umbilical ligament in the adult.

Question 16

What happens if the urachus malforms?

Answer 16

Can remain patent and open to the umbilicus.

Question 17

What are the urethral sphincters?

Answer 17

External (striated, somatic control via pudendal)

Internal (detrusor, smooth muscle)

Question 18

What are the types of urinary incontinence?

Answer 18

1. Urge incontinence (detrusor muscle overactivity)

2. Stress incontinence (increased intra-abdominal pressure/ Poor resistance to urinary flow)

Question 19

What results from oligo or anhydramnios?

Answer 19

Pulmonary hypoplasia ultimately resulting in respiratory distress and possibly death

Question 20

What does the genital tubercle become in males? Females?

Answer 20

Males = gland of penis
Females = clitoris

Question 21

What does the genital folds become in males? Females?

Answer 21

Males = contributes to inf surface of penis
Females = labia minora

Question 22

What does the genital (labioscrotal) swellings become in males? Females?

Answer 22

Males = scrotal pouches
Females = labia majora

Question 23

What does the urogenital groove become in males? Females?

Answer 23

Males = penile urethra
Females = remains open as vestibule

Question 24

What is different in males from females in GU development? What is the equivalent in females?
What are they?

Answer 24

Fused genital folds (becomes corpus spongiosum)

Called bulb of vestibule in females

Erectile tissues

Question 25

What muscles superficially cover the deep pouch? What do they do?

Answer 25

Ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus Help maintain erection

Question 26

What secretes fluid during female arousal?

Answer 26

Greater vestibular glands aka Bartholin's glands

Question 27

What is external female genitalia called?

Answer 27

Vulva

Question 28

What is the line of the fusion of corpus spongiosum?

Answer 28

Penile Raphe

Question 29

What is the line of the fusion of folds in the corpus spongiosum?

Answer 29

Penile Raphe

Question 30

What is on the inner layer of penile foreskin?

Answer 30

Muscocutaneous glands for lubrication

Question 31

What does the urethra pass through in males?

Answer 31

Corpus spongiosum

Question 32

What are the corpora cavernosa?

Answer 32

2 columns along the front surface of the penis that engorge w/ blood during erection

Question 33

What relaxes an erection?

Answer 33

Nitric oxide from nerve endings relax vascular and corporal smooth muscle

Question 34

What nerve innervates male and female genitalia? What are the nerve roots?

Answer 34

Pudendal S2-4

Question 35

What is hypospadius?

Answer 35

Abnormal penile morphology where the urethra opens along the ventral surface of the penile shaft.

Question 36

What is epispadias?

Answer 36

Opening of penile urethra on dorsal surface

Question 37

What degenerates in female internal genitalia? What takes over?

Answer 37

Mesonephros degenerates (in the absence of testosterone) Paramesonephros grows

Question 38

What forms the uterus and fallopian tubes?

Answer 38

Paramesonephric ducts which fuse to form the uterus. The small portions that don't for form the uterine (fallopian) tubes

Question 39

What causes the descent of the ovary?

Answer 39

Shortening of gubernaculum

Question 40

What connects the ovary to the uterus?

Answer 40

Ligament of ovary proper

Question 41

What connects the uterus in body?

Answer 41

Round ligament of the uterus which connects to the labia

Question 42

What are the adult remnants of the gubernaculum in the female?

Answer 42

Round ligament of uterus | Ligament of ovary proper

Question 43

Where does fertilization occur?

Answer 43

In the fallopian tube (most commonly in the ampulla)

Question 44

What are the first cells in a woman to develop cervical cancer?

Answer 44

Transition zone of cervix

Question 45

What happens to the vagina during sexual arousal?

Answer 45

Increased blood flow inducing neurogenic transudate (extravascular fluid) to lubricate walls

Question 46

What is the posterior fornix?

Answer 46

The barrier between the vagina and the rectouterine pouch (Pouch of Douglas)

Question 47

What is the innervation of the vagina?

Answer 47

Visceral (parasympathetic 2/3) AND somatic (pudendal, distal 1/3)

Question 48

What are the parasympathetic/sympathetic roots of the uterus and vagina?

Answer 48

Sympathetic = T12-L2 Parasympathetic travels in Pelvic splanchnic nerves from the sacral plexus

Question 49

What is the blood supply of the uterus?

Answer 49

Ovarian artery (br. of aorta) Uterine artery Vaginal artery

Question 50

What is the relationship of the ureter and the uterine vessels? What is this bundle called?

Answer 50

Ureter goes UNDER (water under the bridge!) The cardinal ligament

Question 51

What is the layer of peritoneum called that drapes over ovary and fallopian tube?

Answer 51

Broad ligament of uterus. Broken up to mesovarium (ovary), mesosalpinx (fallopian) and mesometrium

Question 52

What do the ovarian vessels travel through?

Answer 52

Suspensory ligament of the ovary

Question 53

What does the ductus deferens develop from?

Answer 53

Mesonephric duct

Question 54

What is the remnant of the gubernaculum in adults males?

Answer 54

Gubernaculum testis

Question 55

What is the path of sperm?

Answer 55

Seminiferous tubules -> rete testes -> efferent ductules -> epididymis (storage and maturation) - ductus deferens

Question 56

What do bulbourethral glands do?

Answer 56

Secrete lubricant to flush out urethra just before ejaculation. Clear thick mucus

Question 57

What are the parts of the male urethra?

Answer 57

Prostatic (prostate) Membranous (deep perineum) Spongy/penile (corpus spongiosum)

Question 58

What is the blood supply to the male pelvis?

Answer 58

Anterior branch of internal iliac: Inferior vesical artery (prostratic branch, branch to ductus deferens) Testicular artery from aorta

Question 59

What supplies the skin of the scrotum and penis (& inferior anus!)?

Answer 59

Pudendal nerve

Question 60

What is the origin of the parasympathetic nerves in the pelvis?

Answer 60

Pelvic Splanchnic (P+S!) S2-S3, sacral in origin

Question 61

What produces penile erection?

Answer 61

Parasympathetic system (Point)

Question 62

What produces penile ejaculation?

Answer 62

Sympathetic Shoot!)

Question 63

What are the female descendants of the paramesonephric ducts?

Answer 63

Uterine tubes Uterus Superior vagina

Question 64

What are the male descendants of the mesonephric ducts?

Answer 64

Epididymis Ductus (vas) deferens Seminal vesicles Ejaculatory ducts

Question 65

Where do internal pelvic organs drain their lymph?

Answer 65

Follows the pattern of venous drainage

Question 66

Where do superficial pelvic organs drain their lymph?

Answer 66

Inguinal nodes -> external iliac nodes

Question 67

Where do the gonads drain their lymph?

Answer 67

(ovaries and testes) Aortic nodes

Question 68

What lymph nodes do the skin of the genitalia drain to?

Answer 68

Superficial inguinal