Flashcards in Development Of Multicellular Org I Deck (33):
1
T/F: Genes expressed by a cell depend on the PAST Environment.
False
Both PAST and PRESENT
2
Gastrula
- Mature form of Blastula
- Has 3 major layers
3
Gradients in morphogenesis are formed by what?
1. Localized production of an INDUCER that diffuses AWAY from its source
2. Localized production on an INHIBITOR that diffuses AWAY from its source
- Block the action of a uniformly distributed inducer
4
What are the most important Environmental cues for inductive signaling?
Signals from Neighboring cells
5
What do Cells do BEFORE acquiring a particular fate?
- Cells express genes that are markers of their Location
- Regionally determined
6
Which cell wins in Delta Notch Signaling?
The cell with the ACTIVE Delta
- Inhibits its neighbors from doing likewise
7
Response to whether genes are turned “on” or “off” are in response to what?
Spatial and Temporal expression of different sets of genes
8
How do Zebras get their stripes or Leopards get their spots?
Pattern generation by Reaction Diffusion
- Long range inhibition
9
Characteristics of Committed Cells
- Cell that have some attributes of a particular cell type
- But CAN change with Environment
10
Characteristics of Completely Undetermined cells
Cells that Rapidly change due to alterations in environment
11
Characteristics of Inductive Signaling
Induction of DIFFERENT developmental program in select cells of homogenous group
- Leading to altered character
12
Conserved mechanism for development
1. The cleaved cells do NOT feed
- depend on the food STORED in egg by the mother
2. Genome is Inactive
3. Once activated cells form blastula
(Hollow ball of cells)
13
Instructions for producing a Multicellular Animal is contained where?
NON-Coding Regulatory DNA
- Associated with each gene
14
Diversity is a pattern due to what # factors?
1. Gene Duplication
2. Presence of other signals
- Combinations create variety
3. Previous experiences of the cell
15
Gene Duplication
Higher organisms have several homologous of the SAME gene
16
Endoderm is the precursor to what?
- Gut
- Lung
- Liver
17
4 stages of a. Developing Embryo
1. Cell Proliferation
2. Specialization
3. Interaction
4. Cell Movement
18
T/F: HOMOLOGOUS proteins are functionally Interchangeable
True
Fly protein can be put into a Mouse to rescue development of Cerebellum
19
What controls development?
Gene Expression
20
Asymmetric Division
Significant sets of Molecules distributed unequally between daughter cells
21
Asymmetry and Positive Feedback timeline
- System starts symmetrical
- Environment poses a Weak Asymmetry
- Poz feedback amplifies it
- IRREVERSIBLE
22
How many genes does a human share with a fruit fly?
50%
23
When are developmental decisions made for differentiation?
Long before they show any outward signs of differentiation
24
What is Positional Value?
Position Specific Character of a Cell
25
Mesoderm is the precursor to what?
- Muscles
- Connective tissue
26
What proteins are most important for development?
Gene Regulatory Proteins
27
What sequence makes one organism different from the other to provide uniqueness?
NON-Coding Sequences
28
Characteristics of Determined Cells
- Cella that are fated into SPECIALIZED cell type
- Despite changes in environment
29
Common Signaling Pathways
1. Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK)
2. Transforming Growth Factor (TGFβ)
3. Hedgehog
4. Notch
5. Wnt
Roy Touches Hung Narrow Wieners
30
What is a morphogen?
- A long range inductive signal
- Imposes a pattern on a field of cells
- Exert graded effects by forming gradients of different [ ]
31
What is the ultimate result of Inductive events?
Change in DNA transcription
32
Short Range vs Long Range signaling
Short:
- Cell to cell contact
Long:
- Substances that can diffuse through the EC medium
33