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Biology Exam 3 > Development of Organisms > Flashcards

Development of Organisms Flashcards

1
Q

4 phases of embryo development

A

proliferation
specialization
interaction
mvt

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2
Q

zygote

A

divides rapidly into many small cells

these cells depend on the egg yolk for food

inactive genome

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3
Q

blastula

A

hollow ball of cells

undergoes massive rearrangements to become = gastrula

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4
Q

gastrula

A

has the 3 embryonic germ layers

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5
Q

germ layers

A

ectoderm - external
mesoderm
endoderm - internal

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6
Q

fertilization progression of growth

A

fertilization
zygote
blastula
gastrula

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7
Q

ectoderm

A

nervous system

epidermis

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8
Q

mesoderm

A

muscles

CT

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9
Q

endoderm

A

gut
liver
lung
insides

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10
Q

development decisions are made?

A

long before the outward appearance begins to change

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11
Q

determined cells

A

cells that are fated to be one type of cell

despite any environmental changes

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12
Q

completely undetermined cells

A

cells that change when the environment changes

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13
Q

committed cells

A

cells that attributes of a cell type but can change if environment changes

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14
Q

positional values

A

before having their fate determined cells express genetic markers of their location

p value is the position specific character of a cell

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15
Q

instructions for multicellular organisms is contained in ?

A

non-coding regulatory DNA

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16
Q

____ sequences in DNA are similar in most organisms

A

coding sequences

it is the non-coding areas that make us unique

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17
Q

asymmetric division

A

division resulting in 2 unequal daughter cells

such that one could remain a stem cell while other must differentiate

or simply one gets a bunch of nutrients and the other doesn’t

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18
Q

symmetric division

A

cells are born the exact same but become different due to their specific environmental needs

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19
Q

most important environmental cues

A

signals from neighbors

these signals could be short or long range

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20
Q

morphogens

A

long range inductive signals

that can exert gradient effects

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21
Q

morphogens on/off system

A

require an inhibitor to bind in order to turn off

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22
Q

morphogen gradient formation

A

localized production of an inducer or inhibitor

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23
Q

morphogen inducer

A

diffuses away from source exerting an inducing gradient effect

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24
Q

morphogen inhibitor production

A

an inhibitor signal produced that diffuses away given a gradient effect of inhibiting inducer signals

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25
positive feedback/lateral inhibition
positive feedback amplifies effect of signals and is irreversible once started even if blocking signals are present it is irrelevant
26
lateral inhibition
delta notch
27
combinatorial control
response of a cell to signals may differ based on what types of signals are present at that time combinations create variety
28
cell memory
effect of a signal depends on previous experiences of the cell its past may have altered it in some way that now effects how it responds to a signal
29
sequential induction
different pathways are induced in sequence by formation of different types of signals ex. a creates b, b creates c, etc.
30
delta notch signaling
neighbor cell inducing differentiation of its neighbors delta protein is TM binds to neighbor receptor 'notch' inducing a change in that cell
31
RTK signaling path
ligand and receptor families EGF FGF Eph
32
TGFB superfamily signaling pathway
TGFB BMP nodal
33
Wnt signaling path
Wnt | frizzled
34
hedgehog signaling path
hedgehog | patched, smoothened
35
Notch signaling path
delta | notch
36
common signaling pathways summary
pathway names are related to the names of their families everything else is TGFB
37
phase 1 - neural development
synthesis of neurons and glial cells origin of cells = ectoderm
38
phase 2 - neural development
outgrowth and synapse creation axons are growing out to make connections
39
phase 2 - neural development overview
1. begin w/ immature neuron 2. growth cones move 3. growth cones reach target 4. target cells release neurotropic factors
40
immature neuron
cell body w/ indistinguishable dendrites/axons
41
growth cones
the outward growing of dendrites and axons each has their own cone one begins to move faster than the others = axon
42
axon growth cone
a cone begins to move faster than the others = axon then develops axon specific proteins
43
growth cone mvt
via filopodia and lamelopodia | by using actin filament remodeling
44
control of growth cone mvt
Rho and Rac control the actin remodeling in 2 ways 1. extracell matrix 2. chemotactic factors
45
extracellular matrix growth cone control
matrix is sensed by receptors on growth cone
46
laminin
promotes growth cone mvt
47
chondroitin sulfate
inhibits growth cone mvt
48
chemotactic factors - progression
1. netrin is secreted 2. slit is secreted 3. growth cone becomes sensitive to semaphorin
49
netrin
1st secreted by cells on the floor plate | TRPC receptor on growth cone binds to netrin
50
netrin binding results
causes Ca channels to open influx of Ca causing growth cone to continue to move
51
slit
2ndly secreted after netrin by midline cells 'roundabout' receptor on growth cone binds slit
52
slit binding results
slit repels growth cone mvt away from midline
53
result of secretion of netrin and slit
growth cone is now sensitive to semaphorin
54
semaphorin
secreted by peripheral body repels growth cone mvt away from it resulting in growth cone having narrow path for mvt
55
results of chemotactic factors
the growth cone now only has a narrow path to move down to reach its target helps direct the cone in the right direction
56
once the growth cone reaches its target ?
the target cells must release neurotropic factors
57
neurotropic factors
required for a neuron to survive once reached its target ~50% of neurons die off due to not getting factors from target
58
effects of neurotropic factors
short term -- help the growth cone long term -- required for survival of neuron
59
NGF
nerve growth factors bind to TrkA receptors on growth cones to promote survival of specific neurons
60
phase 3 - neural development
remodeling thru life continues thru adult life creating new synapses from learning
61
phase 3 depends on
electrical acitivity and synaptic signaling
62
synaptic signaling
an external event that causes at least 2 neurons to be activated at the same time
63
synaptic remodeling
response to activation of 2 or more neurons Ca influx thru NMDA receptors dendrite spines are remodeled
64
NMDA receptor
glutamate receptors on dendrites allowing influx of Ca which causes transcriptional factors to be turned on to result in physical changes of synapse
65
neurons that fire together
wire together

Biology Exam 3 (9 decks)

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