Development of Professional Nursing Part 2

Question 1

How does licensure help in the professionalization and standardization of nursing?

Answer 1

-By 1923, all states required examinations for permissive licensure; however, examinations were not standardized
-In 1950, the NLN administered the first nationwide state board test pool examination, meaning all candidates for nursing licensure took the same examination.

Question 2

National Committee on Nursing

Answer 2

National Committee on Nursing was formed because of the utility of trained female nurses in caring for soldiers during warfare

Question 3

who was the dean of the Army School of Nursing?
-why was it formed?

Answer 3

Annie Goodrich
-enhanced recruitment of young women to enter nurse training

Question 4

How did Red Cross nursing help with the influenza pandemic in 1918-1919?

Answer 4

The pandemic spurred widespread public education in home care and hygiene through Red Cross nursing

Question 5

what is a pandemic?

Answer 5

an epidemic over a very large geographic area—a continent or even the world, crossing international boundaries—and simultaneously affects a large proportion of the population

Question 6

which agencies helped to provide the care of millions of Americans with the “Spanish flu”?

Answer 6

Public Health Service, American Red Cross, and local Visiting Nurse and Public Health Nursing agencies

Question 7

Stats on the spanish flu

Answer 7

One-third of the world’s population (approximately 500,000,000 persons) contracted the illness, and in the U.S., 28% of Americans became infected, leading to the deaths of an estimated 675,000 citizens

Question 8

-who established Frontier Nursing Service (FNS), 1925?
-what is it?

Answer 8

-Mary Breckinridge
-Nurses worked in isolated rural areas in the Appalachian Mountains, traveling by horseback to serve health needs. They assisted women during labor and birth, prenatal and postnatal care, educated women and their families about nutrition and hygiene, and cared for the sick

Question 9

What is the Goldmark Report?

Answer 9

A study of nursing education that advocated for the establishment of schools of nursing associated with colleges and universities, as opposed to hospital-based diploma programs.The report encouraged the establishment of rural programs in midwifery.

Question 11

great depression and nursing profession:

Answer 11

-Many hospitals closed their schools of nursing, leading to loss of a reliable, inexpensive student workforce.
-As a solution, unemployed graduate nurses were recruited to work in hospitals

Question 12

what is CWA

Answer 12

Civil Works Administration (CWA) in which nurses participated by providing rural and school health services established by FDR during the Great Depression

Question 13

what is the Cadet Nurse Corps?

Answer 13

an alliance between the military and college schools of nursing to train nurses

Question 14

what is the Hospital Survey and Construction Act? aka Hill-Burton Act?

Answer 14

1946, provided funds to construct hospitals, which led to a surge in the growth of new facilities. The rapid expansion in the number of hospital beds resulted in an acute shortage of nurses and increasingly difficult working conditions

Question 15

in response to shortages, what was introduced?

Answer 15

“team nursing” which involved the provision of care to a group of patients by a group of care providers and ADN

Question 15

how did the Social Security Act expand nursing?

Answer 15

ensure access to health care for elderly, poor, and disabled Americans, resulted in the establishment of Medicare and Medicaid which led to employment for nurses, with new opportunities and roles.

Question 16

why did the NP role emerge during the 1960s?

Answer 16

-Increase in medical specialization, fewer physicians provided primary care
-Public demand for improved access to health care because of President Lyndon B. Johnson’s “Great Society” reforms

Question 17

Case of Karen Ann Quinlan

Answer 17

-This involved the decision of the parents to discontinue ventilatory support after she lapsed into a drug and alcohol-induced coma in 1975.
-The phrase “persistent vegetative state” became well known, by the public.
-She lived for a decade after the discontinuation of the ventilator, never regaining consciousness.

Question 18

Case of Nancy Cruzan

Answer 18

-She was in a persistent vegetative state, and her parents asked for her feeding tube to be removed.
-The U.S. Supreme Court upheld a ruling by the Missouri court that prevented the discontinuation of her nutritional support.
-They later won a court order under the Due Process Clause that supports a person’s right to refuse medical treatment.

The case raised questions of:

“Right to die”

What the patient would have wanted

Question 19

What is the lasting impact of the Covid-19 pandemic?

Answer 19

With large numbers of nurses needing to leave the workforce as a result of burnout and competing priorities with their families related to the pandemic, there is likely to be a further eroding of the adequacy of health care across the U.S. healthcare system.

Question 19

How did events in the last 20 years change the nursing profession?

Answer 19

The socio-cultural shift due to various events in the last 20 years has changed the nursing profession including 9/11, Hurricane Katrina, Affordable Care Act, and Development of Informational and Medical Technologies