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Development of the Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main stages of heart development?

A

Bilateral heart primordia
Primitive heart tube
Heart Looping
Atrial and Ventricular septation
Outflow tract septation

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2
Q

When the CVS start functioning in the embryo?

A

4th week

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3
Q

Why does the CVS function first in an embryo?

A

Rapidly growing embryo needs nutrition but diffusion is not sufficient to satisfy

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4
Q

What is the cardiogenic field?

A

Blood vessels (islands) first appear in the yolk sac, allantois, connecting stalk and chorion

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5
Q

What happens to blood vessel in lateral plate splanchnic mesoderm at 3 weeks?

A

Form 2 heart tubes

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6
Q

What happens in the 3rd week?

A

Blood vessels (islands) appear
2 heart tubes form
These heart tube fuse and join blood vessel in other areas to form the primordial CVS

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7
Q

Where does the parietal and fibrous layer of pericardium form from?

A

Somatic mesoderm

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8
Q

Where does the visceral layer of the pericardium form from?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

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9
Q

Where does the pericardial cavity form form?

A

Intraembryonic coelom

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10
Q

Where does embryo heart tube lie to the pericardial cavity?

A

Dorsal to pericardial cavity
With the cranial folding of embryo heart tube

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11
Q

Describe the fused primitive heart tube?

A

Heart tube starts to bulge and differentiate into arterial (cranial) and venous (caudal) ends

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12
Q

What are the sections of the fused primitive heart tube from outlets to inlets?

A

Truncus arteriosus has outlets
Bulbus cordis
Primitive Ventricle
Primitive Atrium
Sinus Atrium
Sinus Venosus has the inlets

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13
Q

What happen when growing heart tube becomes too large for pericardium?

A

Needs to fold/loop to become the bulboventricular loop

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14
Q

What does G. Cephalic end of heart tube supply?

A

Arteries

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15
Q

What does the caudal end of the heart tube supply?

A

Veins

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16
Q

Describe the formation of the bulboventricular loop?

A

Bulbous cordis and ventricle enlarge and loop to the right
Ventricle pushed left and inferiorly
Atria pushed superiorly and posteriorly

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17
Q

When does the heart begin and end enlarging and looping to the right?

A

Begins at 23 days
24 days is when ventricle pushed eft and inferior
35 days is when ends

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18
Q

What does abnormal cardiac looping lead to?

A

Dextrocardia

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19
Q

Explain dextrocardia

A

Heart tube loops to the left side instead of right so ventricles come to lie facing the right
Most frequent positional abnormality of the heart

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20
Q

What is actively grown to produce partitions in the heart?

A

Endocardial cushions and heart septae

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21
Q

What does endocardial cushion growth causes?

A

Separates the right atrium and ventricle from left atrium and ventricle to form left and right AV canals

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22
Q

Describe the formation of the foramen ovale

A

Formation of septum primum and ostium primum first
Then ostium secundum begins to form as apoptosis of part of septum primum
Formation of septum secundum and ostium secondum is complete
Closure of ostium primum as spetum primum meets endocardial cushion

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the foramen ovale before birth?

A

Allows one-way shunt allowing blood to move from right atrium to left atrium
Prevents the passage of blood in opposite direction

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24
Q

What happens to foramen ovale after birth?

A

Normally closes due to the increase pressure in left atrium
Septum primum fuses with septum secundum
Becomes the fossa ovalis (a depression)

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25
What happens if there is non-closure of the foramen ovale?
Patent foramen ovale A common form of congenital atrial septal defect
26
What happens when muscular septum forms?
Creates opening called the interventricular foramen
27
What does the aorticopulmonary septum divide?
Divides the bulbis cordis and truncus arteriosus into the aorta and pulmonary trunk
28
What happens when bottom of aorticopulmonary septum fuses with muscular ventricle septum and endocardial cushion?
Forms membranous interventricular septum which closes the interventricular foramen
29
Explain ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Most common type of congenital heart disease Can appear in any part of the septum Small VSDs close spontaneously Membranous type of VSD is most common
30
What week does the aorticopulmonary septum divide Bulbous cortis and truncus arteriosus?
5th week of development
31
What does the aorticopulmonary septum divide the BC and TA into?
Aorta and pulmonary trunk
32
Explain transposition of great vessels?
Common cause of cyanotic disease in newborn infants Associated with ASD and VSD Permit exchange between systemic and pulmonary circulation - tetralogy of Fallot
33
What are the causes of transposition of great vessels?
Failure of aorticopulmonary septum to take a spiral course Defective migration of neural crest cells to the heart
34
What develops from the ventriclar walls?
Cusps, chordae tendineae and papillary muscles
35
What develops from the subendocardial valve tissue?
Semilunar valves
36
When does the SA node develop?
5th week
37
What does AV node and bundle develop from?
Cells of AV canal and sinus venosus
38
What are early pacemakers called?
Cardiomyocytes in primitive atrium and sinus venosus
39
What can cause clot death or sudden infant death syndrome?
Abnormalities in conducting tissue
40
What are the derivatives of the aortic sac?
Aortic arches
41
What are the derivatives of the Bulbous cordis?
Right ventricle and parts of the outflow tract
42
What are the derivatives of the primitive ventricle?
Left ventricle
43
What are the derivatives of the primitive atrium?
Parts of right and left atria
44
What are the derivatives of the sinus venosus?
Superior vena cava and right atrium
45
What are the first arteries to appear in the embryo?
Right and left primitive aorta
46
What does each primitive aorta have?
Ventral part and dorsal part
47
How is the aortic sac formed?
Fusion of 2 ventral aortae Becomes extension of truncus arteriosus Aortic arch branches arise from aortic sac
48
What happens during weeks 4 and 5?
6 pairs of aortic arches are formed from the aortic sac and these unite with the dorsal aortae Aortic arches give rise to the great arteries of the neck and head
49
How do blood vessels develop?
Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis
50
What does vasculogenesis mean?
Defined by the new formation of a primitive vascular network
51
What does angiogenesis mean?
Defined as the growth of new vessels from pre-existing blood vessels
52
What happens to the 1st and 2nd arches formed from aortic sac?
Disappear early
53
What does the 3rd aortic arch form?
Common carotid artery
54
What does the 4th right arch form?
Right subclavian artery
55
What does the left 4th arch form?
Aortic arch
56
What happens to the 5th arch?
Disapears
57
What does the 6th left arch form?
Left pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus
58
What does the 6th right arch form?
Right pulmonary artery
59
What can cause an aortic arch abnormality?
Arise as result of persistence of aortic arches that either normally should regress or regression of arches that shouldn't Ex. right subclavian sometimes has abnormal origin on the left which may constrict trachea and oesophagus
60
What happens in a double aortic arch?
Occurs with non-regression of the right aortic arch forming a vascular ring around the trachea and oesophagus which usually causes difficulty in breathing and swallowing
61
Explain Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
Associated with rubella infection in early pregnancy Causes failure of muscular wall to contract and causes resp. distress and lack of surfactant Can lead to congestive heart failure in later life
62
What can PDA be associated with?
ASD, VSD and coarctation of the aorta
63
Explain coractation of the aorta
Congenital condition where aorta is narrow, usually where the ductus arteriosus inserts Most common in aortic arch Can be proximal to ductus arteriosus, preductal or postductal
64
What embryonic vessels change to adult vessels?
Vitelline vessels supply yolk sac - adult gut vessels Umbilical vessels supply placenta - internal iliac Cardinal vessels supply rest of body - SVC and IVC
65
When does the lymphatic system develop?
End of 6th week around main veins
66
Explain the development of the lymphatic system
6 primary lymph sacs develop at end of embryonic period Lymphatic vessels join these later
67
How does the thoracic duct develop?
from 2 vessels anterior to the aorta These become left and right embryonic thoracic ducts Left gives rise to upper 3rd of adult thoracic duct and lower 2/3rds of adult duct are formed by right embryonic thoracic duct
68
What are the 3 types of foetal circulation?
Ductus venosus Foramen ovale Ductus arteriosus
69
Explain the function of the ductus venosus
Shunts blood in left umbilical into IVC which allows oxygenated blood from placenta to bypass the liver
70
Describe the function of the ductus arteriosus
Shunts blood from right ventricle and pulmonary arteries to aorta which allows the blood to bypass the lungs
71
What happens after birth to ductus venosus?
Ligamentum venosum of the the liver
72
What happens to the ductus arteriosus after birth?
Becomes the ligamentum arteriosum between left pulmonary artery and aorta
73
What happens to the umbilical arteries after birth?
Medial umbilical ligaments of anterior abdominal wall

CVS Anatomy (4 decks)

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