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CVS Anatomy > Development of the Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Development of the Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main stages of heart development?

A

Bilateral heart primordia
Primitive heart tube
Heart Looping
Atrial and Ventricular septation
Outflow tract septation

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2
Q

When the CVS start functioning in the embryo?

A

4th week

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3
Q

Why does the CVS function first in an embryo?

A

Rapidly growing embryo needs nutrition but diffusion is not sufficient to satisfy

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4
Q

What is the cardiogenic field?

A

Blood vessels (islands) first appear in the yolk sac, allantois, connecting stalk and chorion

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5
Q

What happens to blood vessel in lateral plate splanchnic mesoderm at 3 weeks?

A

Form 2 heart tubes

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6
Q

What happens in the 3rd week?

A

Blood vessels (islands) appear
2 heart tubes form
These heart tube fuse and join blood vessel in other areas to form the primordial CVS

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7
Q

Where does the parietal and fibrous layer of pericardium form from?

A

Somatic mesoderm

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8
Q

Where does the visceral layer of the pericardium form from?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

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9
Q

Where does the pericardial cavity form form?

A

Intraembryonic coelom

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10
Q

Where does embryo heart tube lie to the pericardial cavity?

A

Dorsal to pericardial cavity
With the cranial folding of embryo heart tube

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11
Q

Describe the fused primitive heart tube?

A

Heart tube starts to bulge and differentiate into arterial (cranial) and venous (caudal) ends

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12
Q

What are the sections of the fused primitive heart tube from outlets to inlets?

A

Truncus arteriosus has outlets
Bulbus cordis
Primitive Ventricle
Primitive Atrium
Sinus Atrium
Sinus Venosus has the inlets

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13
Q

What happen when growing heart tube becomes too large for pericardium?

A

Needs to fold/loop to become the bulboventricular loop

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14
Q

What does G. Cephalic end of heart tube supply?

A

Arteries

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15
Q

What does the caudal end of the heart tube supply?

A

Veins

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16
Q

Describe the formation of the bulboventricular loop?

A

Bulbous cordis and ventricle enlarge and loop to the right
Ventricle pushed left and inferiorly
Atria pushed superiorly and posteriorly

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17
Q

When does the heart begin and end enlarging and looping to the right?

A

Begins at 23 days
24 days is when ventricle pushed eft and inferior
35 days is when ends

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18
Q

What does abnormal cardiac looping lead to?

A

Dextrocardia

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19
Q

Explain dextrocardia

A

Heart tube loops to the left side instead of right so ventricles come to lie facing the right
Most frequent positional abnormality of the heart

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20
Q

What is actively grown to produce partitions in the heart?

A

Endocardial cushions and heart septae

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21
Q

What does endocardial cushion growth causes?

A

Separates the right atrium and ventricle from left atrium and ventricle to form left and right AV canals

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22
Q

Describe the formation of the foramen ovale

A

Formation of septum primum and ostium primum first
Then ostium secundum begins to form as apoptosis of part of septum primum
Formation of septum secundum and ostium secondum is complete
Closure of ostium primum as spetum primum meets endocardial cushion

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the foramen ovale before birth?

A

Allows one-way shunt allowing blood to move from right atrium to left atrium
Prevents the passage of blood in opposite direction

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24
Q

What happens to foramen ovale after birth?

A

Normally closes due to the increase pressure in left atrium
Septum primum fuses with septum secundum
Becomes the fossa ovalis (a depression)

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25
Q

What happens if there is non-closure of the foramen ovale?

A

Patent foramen ovale
A common form of congenital atrial septal defect

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26
Q

What happens when muscular septum forms?

A

Creates opening called the interventricular foramen

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27
Q

What does the aorticopulmonary septum divide?

A

Divides the bulbis cordis and truncus arteriosus into the aorta and pulmonary trunk

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28
Q

What happens when bottom of aorticopulmonary septum fuses with muscular ventricle septum and endocardial cushion?

A

Forms membranous interventricular septum which closes the interventricular foramen

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29
Q

Explain ventricular septal defect (VSD)

A

Most common type of congenital heart disease
Can appear in any part of the septum
Small VSDs close spontaneously
Membranous type of VSD is most common

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30
Q

What week does the aorticopulmonary septum divide Bulbous cortis and truncus arteriosus?

A

5th week of development

31
Q

What does the aorticopulmonary septum divide the BC and TA into?

A

Aorta and pulmonary trunk

32
Q

Explain transposition of great vessels?

A

Common cause of cyanotic disease in newborn infants
Associated with ASD and VSD
Permit exchange between systemic and pulmonary circulation - tetralogy of Fallot

33
Q

What are the causes of transposition of great vessels?

A

Failure of aorticopulmonary septum to take a spiral course
Defective migration of neural crest cells to the heart

34
Q

What develops from the ventriclar walls?

A

Cusps, chordae tendineae and papillary muscles

35
Q

What develops from the subendocardial valve tissue?

A

Semilunar valves

36
Q

When does the SA node develop?

A

5th week

37
Q

What does AV node and bundle develop from?

A

Cells of AV canal and sinus venosus

38
Q

What are early pacemakers called?

A

Cardiomyocytes in primitive atrium and sinus venosus

39
Q

What can cause clot death or sudden infant death syndrome?

A

Abnormalities in conducting tissue

40
Q

What are the derivatives of the aortic sac?

A

Aortic arches

41
Q

What are the derivatives of the Bulbous cordis?

A

Right ventricle and parts of the outflow tract

42
Q

What are the derivatives of the primitive ventricle?

A

Left ventricle

43
Q

What are the derivatives of the primitive atrium?

A

Parts of right and left atria

44
Q

What are the derivatives of the sinus venosus?

A

Superior vena cava and right atrium

45
Q

What are the first arteries to appear in the embryo?

A

Right and left primitive aorta

46
Q

What does each primitive aorta have?

A

Ventral part and dorsal part

47
Q

How is the aortic sac formed?

A

Fusion of 2 ventral aortae
Becomes extension of truncus arteriosus
Aortic arch branches arise from aortic sac

48
Q

What happens during weeks 4 and 5?

A

6 pairs of aortic arches are formed from the aortic sac and these unite with the dorsal aortae
Aortic arches give rise to the great arteries of the neck and head

49
Q

How do blood vessels develop?

A

Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis

50
Q

What does vasculogenesis mean?

A

Defined by the new formation of a primitive vascular network

51
Q

What does angiogenesis mean?

A

Defined as the growth of new vessels from pre-existing blood vessels

52
Q

What happens to the 1st and 2nd arches formed from aortic sac?

A

Disappear early

53
Q

What does the 3rd aortic arch form?

A

Common carotid artery

54
Q

What does the 4th right arch form?

A

Right subclavian artery

55
Q

What does the left 4th arch form?

A

Aortic arch

56
Q

What happens to the 5th arch?

A

Disapears

57
Q

What does the 6th left arch form?

A

Left pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus

58
Q

What does the 6th right arch form?

A

Right pulmonary artery

59
Q

What can cause an aortic arch abnormality?

A

Arise as result of persistence of aortic arches that either normally should regress or regression of arches that shouldn’t
Ex. right subclavian sometimes has abnormal origin on the left which may constrict trachea and oesophagus

60
Q

What happens in a double aortic arch?

A

Occurs with non-regression of the right aortic arch forming a vascular ring around the trachea and oesophagus which usually causes difficulty in breathing and swallowing

61
Q

Explain Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

A

Associated with rubella infection in early pregnancy
Causes failure of muscular wall to contract and causes resp. distress and lack of surfactant
Can lead to congestive heart failure in later life

62
Q

What can PDA be associated with?

A

ASD, VSD and coarctation of the aorta

63
Q

Explain coractation of the aorta

A

Congenital condition where aorta is narrow, usually where the ductus arteriosus inserts
Most common in aortic arch
Can be proximal to ductus arteriosus, preductal or postductal

64
Q

What embryonic vessels change to adult vessels?

A

Vitelline vessels supply yolk sac - adult gut vessels
Umbilical vessels supply placenta - internal iliac
Cardinal vessels supply rest of body - SVC and IVC

65
Q

When does the lymphatic system develop?

A

End of 6th week around main veins

66
Q

Explain the development of the lymphatic system

A

6 primary lymph sacs develop at end of embryonic period
Lymphatic vessels join these later

67
Q

How does the thoracic duct develop?

A

from 2 vessels anterior to the aorta
These become left and right embryonic thoracic ducts
Left gives rise to upper 3rd of adult thoracic duct and lower 2/3rds of adult duct are formed by right embryonic thoracic duct

68
Q

What are the 3 types of foetal circulation?

A

Ductus venosus
Foramen ovale
Ductus arteriosus

69
Q

Explain the function of the ductus venosus

A

Shunts blood in left umbilical into IVC which allows oxygenated blood from placenta to bypass the liver

70
Q

Describe the function of the ductus arteriosus

A

Shunts blood from right ventricle and pulmonary arteries to aorta which allows the blood to bypass the lungs

71
Q

What happens after birth to ductus venosus?

A

Ligamentum venosum of the the liver

72
Q

What happens to the ductus arteriosus after birth?

A

Becomes the ligamentum arteriosum between left pulmonary artery and aorta

73
Q

What happens to the umbilical arteries after birth?

A

Medial umbilical ligaments of anterior abdominal wall

CVS Anatomy (4 decks)

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