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Human Embryology > Development of the Cardiovascular System 1 > Flashcards

Development of the Cardiovascular System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cardiovascular system derived from?

A
  • the intra-embryonic splanchnic mesoderm which forms the primordial of the heart
  • paraxial and lateral mesoderm near the optic placodes where the internal ears form
  • neural crest cells from the region between the otic vesicles and the caudal limits of the third pair of somites
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2
Q

What is the function of the CV system?

A

It supplies the embryo with nutrient and disposes off wastes

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3
Q

What is the first and last systems to be function in the embryo?

A

First: The CV system (the heartbeat is heard by day 23-24)
Last: the respiratory system (lungs become functional after brith)

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4
Q

how is the genetic regulation of laterality and the CV system related?

A
  • The asymmetric organs like the heart are based upon the genes expressed (Nodal, Lefty2, Shh and T from the notochord)
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5
Q

how is the cardiogenic field established in the neural plate

A
  • The cardiogenic field (found in the mesoderm) has myoblasts and blood island formed from vasculogenesis (vessels formed from mesodermal cells) and angiogenesis (branching from pre-existing vessels)
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6
Q

what is the differentation of the HSCs

A

Hematopoietic Stem Cells form:
- Myoloids by going through myopoiesis to form RBCs, leukocytes etc.
- Lymphoids by differentiating to the T and B cells of the lymph node

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7
Q

Explain the blood pathway of the vitelline veins

A
  • The vitelline veins follow the omphaloenteric (vitelline) duct into the embryo connecting the yolk sac to the midgut
  • The right vitelline vein forms most of the hepatic portal system
  • The veins pass thru the liver to enter the venous end of the heart via the sinus venosus
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8
Q

What are the three paired veins that drain into the heart

A
  • Vitelline veins: return -O2 blood from the yolk sac
  • Umbilical veins: carry +O2 blood from the chorion (placenta)
  • Common cardinal veins: return -O2 blood from the body of the embryo
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9
Q

What veins regress in the formation of the heart?

A
  • Left vitelline vein
  • Right umbilical vein
  • Left anterior cardinal vein
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10
Q

Explain the blood pathway of the umbilical veins

A
  • The veins run on each side of the liver carrying +O2 blood from the placenta to the sinus venosus
  • The right and left cranial umbilical vein between the liver and the sinus venosus regress
  • the caudal part of the left umbilicial vein becomes the umbilical vein
  • The ductus venosus connecting the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava forms
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11
Q

Explain the blood pathway of the cardinal veins (CV)

A
  • the anterior CV drains the cranial part of the embryo
  • The posterior CV drains the caudal part of the embryo
  • They both meet at the common cardinal veins that enter the sinus venosus
  • The blood from the left anterior cardinal vein moves to the right one and they fuse to become the left brachiocephalic vein when the left anterior cardinal vein regresses
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12
Q

what happens to the cardinal veins in the eight week of development

A
  • The anterior cardinal veins become connected by anastomosis (the fusion of tube-like structures)
  • The left anterior cardinal vein regresses as they fuse forming the left brachiocephalic vein (even tho its on the right side mostly)
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13
Q

How is the inferior vena cava developed

A
  • It’s formed when the primordial veins of the trunk shift from the right to the left side of the embryo
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14
Q

Explain the function of the genes for laterality

A

Left side
-FGF8 (produced in the primitive node) up-regulates Nodal which up-regulates Lefty2 which in turn up-regulates PITX2 (a transcription factor that is the master regulator for “left sidedness)
- SHT (Serotonin) is produced on both sides but proteases degrade it on the right side
Midline
- Lefty1 and SHH is produced by the notochord to inhibit the left sided genes from moving to the right side

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15
Q

What is the main venous drainage system of the embryo

A
  • The cardinal veins
  • The anterior cardinal veins drain the cranial part of the embryo
  • The posterior cardinal veins drain the caudal parts of the embryo
  • They join at the common cardinal veins
    Anastomosis creates 2nd gen veins and regression creates 3rd gen veins
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16
Q

What are the 4 main segments of the inferior vena cava

A
  • The hepatic segment
  • The prerenal segment
  • The renal segment
  • The postrenal segment
17
Q

What is the hepatic segment of the inferior vena cava derived from?

A
  • The hepatic vein and sinusoids which are the proximal parts of the vitelline veins
18
Q

What is the renal segments of the inferior vena cava derived from?

A
  • PRErenal: derived from the right subcardinal vein
  • RENAL: derived from the sub-supracardinal anastomosis
  • POSTrenal: derived from the right supracardinal vein
19
Q

Explain how the adult derivatives form from the primordial veins

A
  • both posterior cardinal veins and the caudal left anterior cardinal vein regress to form the left brachiocephalic vein
  • the left cranial sub cardinal vein regresses to be the left suprarenal vein leaving the right side to be the main vein for the IVC
  • the left renal segment becomes the left renal vein and vice versa
  • the left supracardinal veins regress leaving the right side to be the main vein for the IVC
20
Q

when do the pharyngeal arches form

A
  • The 4th and 5th weeks
21
Q

What is the function of the pharyngeal arch arteries

A
  • These arteries supply blood to the pharyngeal arches
  • They arise from the aortic sac and terminate in the dorsal aortae
22
Q

Explain the formation of the dorsal aorta

A
  • Initially. the dorsal aortas run through the embryo but the caudal portions fuse to forms a lower thoracic abdominal aorta
  • The right cranial portion of the dorsal aorta regresses leaving the left side to become the primordial aorta
23
Q

What are intersegmental arteries, their functions and derivatives

A
  • These arteries (about thirty ish) are the branches of the dorsal aorta
  • They carry blood to the somites and their derivatives
  • The arteries in the neck join to form the vertebral arteries
  • In the thorax they form the intercostal arteries
  • In the abdomen they become lumbar arteries with the fifth pair becoming the common iliac arteries
  • The sacral region forms the lateral sacral arteries
24
Q

What is the fate of the vitelline arteries

A
  • These arteries pass to the primordial gut (form from the incorporated part of the yolk sac)
    Three arteries remain
  • Celiac arterial trunk to the foregut
  • Superior mesenteric artery to the midgut
  • Inferior mesenteric artery to the hindgut
25
Q

What is the fate of the umbilical arteries

A
  • The proximal part become the internal iliac arteries and superior vesicle arteries
  • The distal part becomes the medial umbilical ligament

Human Embryology (14 decks)

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