Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology 3310 > Development of the Drosophila body plan > Flashcards

Development of the Drosophila body plan Flashcards

(130 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Ectoderm

A

Embryonic germ layer that gives rise to the epidermis and the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mesoderm

A

Germ layer that gives rise to the skeleto-muscular system, connective tissues, the blood, and internal organs such as the kidney and heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Endoderm

A

Embryonic germ layer that gives rise to the gut and associated organs, such as the lungs and liver in vertibrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Gastrulation

A

Process in animal embryos in which prospective endodermal and mesodermal cells move from the outer surface of the embryo to the inside, where they give rise to internal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Morphagen

A

a substance whose spatial concentration varies, and which induces different structures at different concentrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Antisence probe

A

a labelled modified nucleic acid sequence used as a complement to locate a specific DNA or RNA sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Protease

A

an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller amino acid chains via hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Germ Plasm

A

cytoplasm in the drosophila cells that is involved in the specification of germ cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Promoter

A

a region of DNA immediately preceding a coding region to which RNA polymerase binds to in order to begin transcription of the gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In Situ Hybridization

A

Using labelled complementary DNA, RNA or modified nucleic acids (probe) to localize a specific sequence of DNA or RNA in a portion or section of tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cDNA

A

double stranded DNA synthesized from a single stranded RNA template in reaction that is catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Blastoderm

A

a post-cleavage embryo composed of a solid layer of cells rather than a spherical blastula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Blastula

A

hollow ball of cells, composed of an epithelial layer of cells enclosing a fluid filled cavity (blastocoel)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hybridization

A

The process by which single stranded DNA or RNA anneals to complementary DNA or RNA strands forming a double strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Follicle Cells

A

somatic cells that surround the oocyte and nurse cells in the egg chamber during egg development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pervitelline Space

A

space between the vitelline membrane lining the egg case and the egg plasma membrane in the fertilized eggs and early embryos of drosophila

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Reporter Gene

A

A gene which known phenotype that is attached to another specific gene of interest in order to indicate weather that gene of interest has been taken up or expressed in that cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hybridization

A

The process by which single stranded DNA or RNA anneals to complementary DNA or RNA strands forming a double strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Syncytium

A

A cell with many Nuclei in a common cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Who first proposed Gradient controlling developmental axes?

A

Thomas Morgan, using the regeneration of annelid worms, found that the closer cut was to the anterior end the faster the head would regenerate. Simply put “head stuff diminishes posteriorly, tail stuff increases”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Who used an analogy of a mountain to demonstrate the effects of cytoplasmic gradients?

A

Leopold von Ubisch (1885-1965)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Who preformed the leaf hopper experiments and what were the results?

A

Klaus Sander (1960’s), found that:

  1. Removal of cytoplasm from anterior pole reduces head development
  2. Transferring of posterior cytoplasm to anterior pole reduces head development
  3. Transfer central cytoplasm to anterior pole reduces head development, but no less than 2
  4. Removal of anterior cytoplasm, and transfer of posterior has most severe effects
  5. Removal of posterior cytoplasm causes posterior defects
  6. Removal of central cytoplasm causes few defects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What did Klaus Sanders’ experiments suggest?

A

Two directive gradients exist, one from anterior, on from posterior and they inhibit one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the 3 groups of maternal genes that define the initial anterior/posterior pattern in drosophila development?

A

Bicoid - effects anterior, Nanos - effects posterior,

Torso - effects terminal,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How were the Bicoid, Nanos, and Torso genes identified?
Loss of function Mutation
26
Loss of Function Mutation
systematically knocking out genes one by one and observing the phenotype
27
Northern Blots
Technique to study gene expression by detection of RNA or isolated mRNA in a sample
28
Western Blots
Technique to study gene expression by detection specific proteins in a sample
29
Name the Maternal posterior group genes
Nanos, Oskar, Pumilo, and Caudal
30
Which two genes define the posterior and anterior end?
Torso and Trunk
31
What kind of protein in Nanos?
RNA-binding protein which works with Pumillo protein to repress translation of hunchback
32
What is the protein product of Torso?
A receptor known as tyrosine kinase
33
Where is trunk secreted?
Into perivitelline space
34
What is the function of trunk?
A ligand for Torso receptor
35
What must first happend to truck in order for it be a ligand for Torso?
It must be cleaved into a trunk fragmant which acts a ligand for Torso
36
Where and from what type of cell is the protease for trunk cleavage located and how does that affect the activation of Torso?
Protease that cleaves trunk is secreted form the follicle cells adjacent to the anterior and posterior poles. Therefore Torso is only activated at the poles
37
What determines ventral identity of a cell?
Localization of dorsal protein to nucleus
38
What happens to loss-of function dorsal mutants?
They are dorsalized
39
Toll
Receptor for Spatzle, found throughout the perivitelline space
40
Spatzle
ligand for toll receptor that is activated in ventral side of perivitelline space
41
Gd
Gastrulation defective
42
Pipe
Heparan sulfate sulfontransferase
43
Nudel
A serine protease which cleaves Gd in the Spatzle/Toll chemical pathway
44
What cause the movement of Dorsal into the nuclei?
Activation of Toll receptor by Spatzle ligand
45
MTOC
microtubule organizing center, structure found in eurkaryotic cells from which microtubules emerge
46
Kinesin family Microtubule motor proteins
plus directed (away from MTOC)
47
Dynein family Microtubule motor proteins
minus directed (toward MTOC)
48
Germarium
reproductive structure in the adult female drosophila containing stem cells that give rise to a succession of egg chambers, each containing an oocyte
49
How is the Oocyte developed?
1 daughter of each stem cell in germarium undergoes 4x mitosis producing 16 cells connected by ring canals. These will become the 15 nurse cells and the 1 oocyte
50
Germline cyst
the 16-cell structure found in adult female drosophila that contains 15 nurse cells and 1 oocyte precursor, prior to meiosis
51
Ring canals
cyctoplasmic bridges between the cells of the Germline cyst
52
Which cell become the Occyte of the Germline cyst?
2 cells have 4 ring canals and are known as the pro-oocytes, both enter meiosis, accumulate centriloles and are arrested in prophase I. One becomes the oocyte and the other reverts to nurse cell fate
53
PAR-1
serine theronine kinase, important in cell assymetry in C.elegans, vertebrates and fission yeast. Also required for specification of oocyte, through direction of microtubules. Keeps PAR-6(cherry) and PAR-3(Bazooka) from posterior end of oocyte. Is also correlated with lack of Microtubule nucleation
54
Somatic cell
any cell in a living organism other than the reproductive cells
55
Which cells secrete the vitelline envelope or egg shell?
Follicle cells
56
Are all the follicle cells surrounding the oocyte the same?
No, they are organized into different populations to signal differently to the oocyte (e.g. trunk and spatzle cleavage)
57
Endoreduplication
replication of nuclear genome without cell division resulting in polyploid.
58
What functions do nurse cells perform to support the oocyte?
Produce proteins and RNAs for the oocyte
59
How are proteins and RNAs transported from the nurse cells to the oocyte?
via microtubules through the ring canals
60
Where is the nucleus located in the Oocyte?
Posterior end of the oocyte
61
What defines oocyte as different from nurse cells?
PAR-1 is localized to fusomes, ring canals, and asymmetrically localized in follicle cells
62
Fusome
intercellular connective opening in various tissues with a common synchnonous development
63
GFP
Green Fluorescent protein frequently used as a reporter label
64
How is Anterior/Posterior polarity of the egg chambers established?
Signalling from older to younger egg chambers
65
Notch-Delta signaling pathway
binding of Delta ligand to Notch receptor causes intracellular domain to detach, enter nucleus and activate gene transcription
66
What signal steps establish the Anterior/Posterior polarity?
1. Germline cyst signals to follicle cells via Delta-Notch - Signal defines follicle cells as anterior polar follicle cells 2. Anterior signal from adjacent follicle cells induces stalk 3. Stalk signals to oocyte and posterior follicle cells to express E-cadherin
67
JAK
Janus kinases that phosphorylate each other, allowing STAT to bind, and then phosphorylate STAT
68
STAT
Signal transducer and activator of transcription protein the enters the nucleus once it is phosphorylated by JAK`
69
JAK-STAT signaling pathway
1. Unpaired binds to Dome receptor which associates with JAK 2. JAK kinases phosphorylate each other, allowing STAT to bind, and then phosphorylate STAT 3. STAT enters nucleus and activates transcription
70
Dome
Receptor for Unpaired ligand in JAK-STAT pathway
71
Cadherin
Calcium-dependent adhesion trans-membrane protein. Cadherins on adjacent cells cause cell-cell adhesion in presence of Ca+2. Cause oocyte to adhere to posterior follicle cells
72
Gurken
Trasforming growth factor, Ligand secreted in the posterior side of oocyte membrane to bind to Torpedo receptor
73
Torpedo
Receptor for Gurken ligand on surface of follicle cells on posterior end of oocyte.
74
Gurken Torpedo Pathway
1. Gurken from oocyte activates Torpedo on posterior Follicle cells 2. Follicle cells send a signal back to oocyte (possibly using PAR-1) causing it to disassemble and reorganize microtubules 3. Gurken mRNA and protein are take to the dorsal anterior pole of the oocyte (dynein)
75
What complexes are involved in various types of cell polarity?
PAR-1, PAR-3, PAR-6, aPKC
76
Bazooka
PAR-3 complex involve din various types of cell polarity. Keeps PAR-1 from anterior and is correlated with Microtubule nucleation
77
What would you tend to see in Bazooka mutants?
1. Kinesin not localized to the posterior 2. Microtubules nucleated throughout oocyte 3. PAR-1 is not restricted to posterior
78
Nucleated
Form a central area
79
What would you tend to see in PAR-1 mutants?
PAR-6(cherry) and PAR-3(Bazooka) not excluded from the posterior end of oocyte
80
PAR
Partitioning proteins required for the correct positioning and orientation of mitotic spindles in the early cleavages to ensure division at the required place in the cell and in the required plane
81
How does PAR-1 inhibit PAR-3?
PAR-1 phosphorylates PAR-3, destabilizing PAR-3/PAR-6/aPKC complex so that the complex is only present in the anterior
82
How is PAR-1 affected by aPKC?
aPKC phosphorylates PAR-1 restricting its localization to posterior end of oocyte where it destabilizes microtubules through phosphorylation of microtubule interacting proteins
83
aPKC
atypical protein kinase C
84
Ectopic
in an abnormal place or position
85
Cortical Microtubules
Microtubules located on the inner surface of the plasma membrane
86
Within the Oocyte where is Bicoid localized?
Anterior end via dynein (minus) microtubules
87
Within the Oocyte where is Oskar localized?
Posterior end via kinesin (plus) microtubules
88
Within the Oocyte where is gurken localized?
Dorsal Anterior via dynein (minus) microtubules
89
What is the major effect of Dorsal moving into the nuclei?
Generates a gradient of nuclear localized dorsal along the Dorsal/ventral axis
90
Aminoserosa
extra-embryonic membrane
91
Dorsal ectoderm
Dorsal epidermis
92
Mesectoderm
Tissue that gives rise to both ectoderm and mesoderm
93
Neuroectoderm
Embryonic ectoderm with the potential to from neural cells
94
What major effect does the nuclear localized dorsal gradient have?
Results in differential activation of zygotic gens along dorsal/ventral axis
95
Which genes are repressed by Dorsal?
Zerknullt, Dpp and Tolloid
96
Which genes are activated by Dorsal?
Snail, Twist, Rhomboid
97
Snail
Positively Regulated by Dorsal and twist
98
Rhomboid
Positively Regulated by dorsal and negatively regulated by twist
99
Dpp
Negatively Regulated by Dorsal (requires co-repressor)
100
Zerknullt
Negatively Regulated by Dorsal (requires co-repressor)
101
Transposon
A DNA sequence that can become inserted into a different site on the chromosome, either by the insertion of a copy of the original sequence or by excision and reinsertion of the original sequence.
102
Defective P-element
Transposon with no transposase
103
Helper P-element
Transposon with transposase but cannot insert
104
EMSA
Electrophoretic mobility shift assay is a procedure that can determine if a protein or mixture of proteins is capable of binding to a given DNA or RNA sequence, and can sometimes indicate if more than one protein molecule is involved in the binding complex
105
DNasel Footprinting
technique from molecular biology/biochemistry that detects DNA-protein interaction using the fact that a protein bound to DNA will often protect that DNA from enzymatic cleavage. This makes it possible to locate a protein binding site on a particular DNA molecule
106
That is the result of Dorsal localization Thresholds?
Thresholds of dorsal localization result in specific zygotic gene expression
107
What is the result if Dorsal were localized in all the nuclei?
Ventralization of the embryo
108
Dpp
Decapentaplegic
109
What is the homolog of Dpp in Vertebrates?
Bone morphogenic protein BMP-4
110
Homolog
A gene related to a second gene by descent from a common ancestral DNA sequence
111
In which region is a Dpp morphogenic gradient established?
Expressed uniformily in the dorsal cells
112
Which are receptors of Dpp?
Saxophone, thick veins, and punt
113
What interaction restricts Dpp activity to the dorsal-most cells?
Supression by Sog protein in the non-dorsal cells
114
How does Sog cause repression of Dpp?
Sog reduces affinity of dpp for its receptor, saxophone
115
How is Sog activated?
low levels of Dorsal
116
Tolloid
Metalloprotease that is expressed with Dpp that degrades Sog and Tsg thus releasing Dpp
117
How do Sog and Tsg act on Dpp?
The bind to Dpp preventing its activity
118
Heterodimer
Macromolecular complex formed by two different proteins
119
Homodimer
Macromolecular complex formed by two identical proteins
120
Which protein forms a Heterodimer with Dpp?
Screw, secreted everywhere. This heterodimer creates a stronger cellular response following interaction with Saxophone than homodimers
121
What is the homolog for Screw in vertebrates?
Bone morphogenic protein BMP-7
122
What is the homolog for Tolloid in vertebrates?
Bone morphogenic protein BMP-1
123
What is the homolog for Sog in vertebrates?
Chordin
124
Who proposed that the ventral side of anthropods was homologous to the dorsal side of vertebrates?
Geoffry Saint-Hilaire (1815)
125
To which gradient is hunchback correlated?
Bicoid gradient
126
Immunoprecipitation
technique of precipitating a protein antigen out of solution using an antibody that specifically binds to that particular protein
127
How many Bicoid binding sites have been established? What technique was used to establish them?
5 bicoid binding sites found using DNasel footprinting
128
ChIP
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation, a procedure used to determine whether a given protein binds to or is localized to a specific DNA sequence in vivo
129
What are the steps to ChIP?
1. DNA is cross-linked to proteins in vivo 2. DNA is cut by sonication 3. Antibody specific to protein is added 4. DNA bound to protein precipitates on beads` 5. DNA purified and identified
130
Hopscotch
the single JAK on the cytoplasmic side of the JAK-STAT pathway

Biology 3310 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions