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GI Embryology > Development Of The GI Tract > Flashcards

Development Of The GI Tract Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three layers of trilaminar disc?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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2
Q

When does the embryonic disc form?

A

During 3rd week of development

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3
Q

What are the parts of mesoderm?

A

The paraxial mesoderm
The intermediate mesoderm
The lateral plate mesoderm

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4
Q

The interface between amniotic cavity and the yolk sac is the

A

Embryonic disc

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5
Q

Yolk sac forms

A

The digestive tube(tract)

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6
Q

Amniotic cavity folds in how many directions

A

4 directions

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7
Q

Embryonic disc is where

A

All the organs and structures in an adult come from

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8
Q

The endoderm forms

A

The lining (epithelium)of the GI tract,some accessory organs (many organs bud off :liver pancreas,trachea)and glands of the GI tract

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9
Q

Mesoderm forms

A

The stroma(GI tract connective tissue)and muscles surrounding abdominal structures in the GI tract,peritoneum and spleen

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10
Q

Foregut is supplied by

A

Celiac trunk

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11
Q

Midgut is supplied by:

A

Superior mesenteric artery

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12
Q

Hind gut is supplied by

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

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13
Q

When the foregut,midgut and hind gut forms, most of the yolk sac has disappeared except:

A

The vitelline duct(omphalomesenteric duct)

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14
Q

Portions of the GI tract includes

A

Forgut
Midgut
Hindgut

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15
Q

Foregut gives rise to everything supplied by the celiac trunk

A

All the structures from the mouth to ampulla of vater

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16
Q

Midgut gives rise to everthing supplied by SMA which includes;

A

Which includes structures from ampulla of vater to transverse colocn

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17
Q

Hindgut gives rise to structures supplied by IMA which includes

A

Transverse colon to rectum

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18
Q

Mesentery is

A

Double layer of peritoneum(sheets of connective tissue)

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19
Q

Function of mesentery

A

Suspends abdominal organs from cavity walls
Blood vessels also travel through the mesentery as they go from the aorta to the organs which they supply

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20
Q

Intraperitoneal organs

A

Enclosed by mesentery(within the peritoneal cavity)

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21
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A

Covered by peritoniun only on anterior wall
Lie against the posterior abdominal wall

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22
Q

Mesentery comes from:

A

Mesoderm(mes in mesoderm mes in mesentery)

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23
Q

What are the two types of mesentery

A

Dorsal mesentery(towards the back of the fetus)
Ventral mesentery (towards the front of the fetus)

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24
Q

Most of the connective tissue structures comes from the:

A

Dorsal mesentery
The reason for this is because the gut moves away from the posterior wall in development and the dorsal mesentery grows between the gut and posterior wall so that most structures are covered by this mesentery

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25
Ventral mesentery only exists in
Esophagus,stomach and upper duodenum Liver grows into this mesentery In adult:lesser omentum and falciform ligament.
26
Ventral mesentery derives from
Septum transversum which is a mesenchyme tissue
27
Falciform ligament
Connects the liver to the anterior abdominal wall
28
Lesser omentum
Connects the liver and stomach(lesser curvature)
29
Mesentery goes by different names depending upon whcih abdomina organs it is surrounding
Mesentery around stomach:mesogastrium Mesentery around the duodenum:mesoduodenum Mesentery around the colon: mesocolon
30
Omentum is
Sheet of connective and fatty tissue.latin “apron”
31
Greater omentum
Hangs from greater curvature of stomach Covers intestines Formed from mesogastrium
32
Lesser omentum
Between stomach and liver Formed from ventral mesentery
33
Lung buds off from
Esophagus(foregut)
34
Budding off of lung is called
Respiratory diverticulum ir lung bud
35
What divides the lung bud from the esophagus?
The tracheoesophageal septum
36
Abnormal development of tracheoesophageal septum results in:
Esophageal atresia(closed esophagus) this occurs when the septum deviates posteriorly cutting off the esophagus.
37
Name the types of esophageal atresia
1.Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula(most common)which is connection between the trachea and the distal portion of the esophagus.the proximal portion has been cut off. 2.Pure esophageal atresia (less common)this is where proximal esophagus ends in blind tube and distal part is not connected to trachea at all. 3.H type (more rare)where esophagus and trachea are bith separate tubes but they are connected by a fistula.
38
What are the clinical features of esophageal atresia:
Esophagus does not connect to the stomach>baby can’t swallow fluid>polyhydromnios Drooling choking and vomiting>due to accumulation of secretions which can’t be swallowed NG is often passed into the stomach to control excess secretions but in the case of esophageal atresia Ng tube can’t be passed to the stomach as esophagus ends in blind pouch If there’s a fistula: Gastric distension(air in stomach on CXR) Reflux>aspiration pnemonia>respiratory distress
39
Treatment of esophageal atresia
Surgical repair
40
Prognosis of surgery for esophageal atresia
1.Sometimes residual dysmotility 2.GERD
41
Two phenomenon occurs during midgut development:
Herniation Rotation
42
Physiological herniation is
When contents of mid gut exits the abdomen and then return
43
Rotation of gut is when:
Contents of mid gut rotates around SMA
44
When does physiological herniation occur and why
6th week of development It occurs because the abdomen temporarily becomes too small leading to hernaition of intestine through the umbilical cord.( visible on U/S)
45
When does the herniation reduce
10th week of development
46
What happens if the midgut does not return to the abdomen?
The baby will be born with omphalocele
47
What’s an omphalocele?
Persistence of normal herniation Intestines will be outside the abdomen covered by membrane
48
What’s the difference between simple and liver containing omphalocele?
When the membrane only contains intestines it’s simole omphalocele. When liver is also present then it’s the latter one.liver herniates because the lateral folds fail to fuse
49
Key features of omphalocele that distinguishes from gastroschisis
Covered by peritonium Herniates through umbilical cord
50
Babies with omphalocele has
Normal GI function Many genetic defects(trisomy21(down syndrome,18edward syndrome,13) Many associated conditions(conginetal heart defects(upto 50% of babies) Orofacial clefts Neural tube defects
51
Gastroschisis is
Extrusion of bowel through abdominal wall
52
Key features that distinguishes from omphalocele
Paraumbilical defect usually on the right side of umbilical cord Not covered by peritonium
53
Mechanism of gastroschisis
Incomplete closure of abdominal wall
54
Features of gastroschisis include
Poor GI function as the intetstine is damaged when it comes outside the abdomen(often associted with atresia,stenosis) Few associated defects If GI function restored good prognosis Rarely associated with down or other conginital disease
55
Treatment of gastroschisis
Surgical reduction
56
The ectoderm forms
The skin The CNS The neural crest cells(gangion cells present in myenteric plexus of GI tissue)
57
What does the notochord form
Nucleus pulposa
58
What does the paraxial mesoderm form
Sclerotome Dermatome Myotome
59
What does the intermediate mesoderm form?
Urogenital system
60
The lateral plate mesoderm is divided into:
Splancnic mesoderm Somatic mesoderm
61
What does splancnic mesoderm form?
Viseral peritonium,layers of gut loops like the mucous submucosa etc
62
What does somatic mesoderm form?
Parietal peritonium
63
Name three major branches of celiac trunk and their innervation
Splenic artery(spleen) Left gastric artery(stomach) Common hepatic (liver) which divides into cystic(GB) gastroduodenal(first part of duodenum) pancreaticoduodenal artery(pancreas)
64
Rotation of midgut results in
Normsl positioning of small bowel,colon Cecum in right lower quadrant
65
Mal rotation of midgut results in
Bowel obstruction Volvulus Left sided colon

GI Embryology (1 decks)

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