Development of the immune response

Question 1

Components of the immune system

Answer 1

Thymus 
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Lymphoid tissue-- GALT and BALT
Macrophages 
Antibodies 
B and T lymphocytes

Question 2

Cells involved in the immune response

Answer 2

Lymphocytes produce antibodies against the antigenic molecule

Question 3

Phases of the immune response

Answer 3

Afferent
Central
Efferent

Question 4

Afferent immune response

Answer 4

Recognition
Intake
Processing

Question 5

Central Immune response

Answer 5

Targeted protection

Activation

Question 6

Efferent Immune response

Answer 6

Elimination

Neutralization

Question 7

Main functions of the immune system

Answer 7

Distinguish between self and non-self

Ability to recognise and eliminate/control foreign or abnormal “self” materials

Question 8

Foreign bodies: external

Answer 8

Taken in through mucus membrane and skin

Protection: hair, mucus, defensin, proteolytic enzymes, pH etc

Question 9

Foreign Bodies: Internal

Answer 9

Tumors!! The immune system is the only really effective defense mechanism

Question 10

Danger model of immunity

Answer 10

Non-invasive pathogen e.g on skin not causing tissue damage, for an immune response there needs to be tissue damage, this is the danger associated

Question 11

Antigen (Atg)

Answer 11

Reacts with products of the specific immune response

Question 12

Immunogen Atg

Answer 12

Induces immunity

Usually gets into the body from the outside.. but can be self-originated

Question 13

Hapten

Answer 13

Small molecular weight
NOT immunogenic
Epitop/Atg determinant: part of the antigen that reacts with the product of the specific immune response

Question 14

Primary Lymphoid tissues

Answer 14

Bone Marrow
Thymus
Bursa Fabricii in birds

Question 15

Secondary Lymphoid tissues

Answer 15

Lymph nodes 
Spleen
MALT
SALT
BALT
Tonsills 
Peyer's patches

Question 16

Cells of the innate immune system.. rapid response (6)

Answer 16

Macrophages 
Mast cell
Dendritic cell
Granulocytes 
NK cells 
Complement proteins

Question 17

Cells of the adaptive immunity.. slow response

Answer 17

B cell (plasma cells)
Antibodies 
Cytokines 
T cell: can differentiate into CD4+ and CD8+
The T cells can be cytotoxic or helper

Question 18

Cells belonging to both the innate and adaptive immune system

Answer 18

Gamma alpha T cell

Natural killer T cells

Question 19

What does PRR stand for?

Answer 19

Pattern Recognition Receptor

Located on macrophages

Question 20

How to we differentiate lymphocytes

Answer 20

Based on their Cluster of Differentiation= set of monoclonal antibodies that recognise a single protein on the cell surface

Question 21

Characteristic CD’s of B-lymphocytes

Answer 21

CD23

CD19

Question 22

Characteristic CD’s of T-helpers

Answer 22

CD2
CD3
CD4
CD28

Question 23

Characteristic CD’s of cytotoxic T-cells Tc

Answer 23

CD2
CD3
CD8
CD28

Question 24

True for the reaction between the B-lymphocyte and the antigen?

Answer 24

The antigens can only bind the free epitop on the antibody, which was only produced due to the B-lymphocyte

Question 25

Antibody- Ab | Immunoglobulin Ig

Answer 25

Activated by B-lymphocytes Produced by plasma cells Consist of 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains connected by covalent disulfide bridges N-terminal is variable- bind the antigen specifically C-terminal- effector mechanism

Question 26

T-cells can only bind to epitops?

Answer 26

On antigens with a linear aa structure

Question 27

Components of the First line of defense

Answer 27

Physical Chemical Biological

Question 28

First line of defense: physical barrier

Answer 28

Skin, mm, hair, feathers, mucus Movements: palpebral reflex, peristlasis, retroperistlasis Desquamation: skin, intestine Flushing: saliva, tear, urine, sweating

Question 29

First line of defense: Chemical barrier

Answer 29

``` Lysozymes Defensins Proteolytic enzymes: pepsin, trypsin Surfactants pH: skin-- 5.5 stomach: 1.2--3 vagina: 4.5 pus: 5.5--6 pancreatic fluid: 8 ```

Question 30

First line of defense: Biological protection

Answer 30

Microbiome

Question 31

First line if defense, specifically Defensins

Answer 31

``` Cysteine rich 18-45 aa's Positive charge Pierce the membrane NB in newborns Can be alpha beta and theta ```

Question 32

What is an important defese in the ear?

Answer 32

Cerumen (earwax)

Question 33

Enterotypes of the microbiome

Answer 33

Prevotella Bacteroides- fiber Ruminococcus- sugar

Question 34

Bacteria involved in COPD and the microbiome

Answer 34

L.lactis S. pneumoniae P. aeroginosa

Question 35

COPD: L.lactis

Answer 35

Stimulates IL-10 | This activates weak signals- Th3 and T reg

Question 36

COPD: S. pneumoniae and P. aeroginosa

Answer 36

Stimulates an array of immune cells- IL-1, IL-6, CCL1, CCL2, defensins This activates dendritic cells, neutrophils and macrophages