Developmental adolescence

Question 1

The author of Cognitive development…

Answer 1

Jean Piaget

Question 2

Author of Adolescent Egocentricism …..

Answer 2

David Elkind

Question 3

Author of Psychosocial development ….

Answer 3

Erik Erikson

Question 4

Author of Moral development …

Answer 4

Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 5

Sensorimotor (object)
Pre-operational (symbolic)
Concrete operational (can but not independently)
Formal operational (Complex thinking)

–> Belong to which theory ?

Answer 5

Piaget -> cognitive development theory

Question 6

What stage of Piaget theory is the coordination of senses with motor responses, sensory curiosity about the world. Language used for demands. Object permanence is developed

Answer 6

Sensorimotor (0-2 yrs)

Question 7

Symbolic thinking, use of proper grammar to express concept. Imaginations, & intuition are strong, but complex abstract thoughts are difficult. Conservation is developed.

Answer 7

pre-operational (2-7 yrs)

Question 8

Concepts attached to concrete situations. Time, space & quantity are understood, can be applied but not as independent concepts

Answer 8

Concrete operational (7-11 yrs)

Question 9

Theoretical, hypothetical, counterfactual thinking.
Abstract logic & reasoning
Strategy & planing possible
Concepts learnt in one context applied to another

Answer 9

Formal operational

Question 10

Theory that Devoted too little attention to social and cultural influences

Answer 10

Piaget’s - Cognitive development

Question 11

1. ⇒ preoccupied with what other people think
2. ⇒ Feeling of being at the centre of attention
3. ⇒ Go to extreme lengths to avoid embarrassment
4. ⇒ Measurable Drop in self-esteem
   - due to egocentrism makes him ‘hyper-aware’ of others’ opinions
5. ⇒ Need for privacy
6. Strive for company when feel good about themselves
7. Personal Fable ⇒ beliefs of own uniqueness & no one is like them

Answer 11

Elkind - Adolescent Egocentrism

Question 12

can occur when the adolescent is unable to put together aspects of him or herself

Answer 12

Role confusion

Question 13

Which theory?

Exploring & forging an identity.
Description of adolescent’s pursuit of a coherent sense of self during the adolescent years by age of 20.

Answer 13

Erikson - Theory of PsychoSocial development

Question 14

limitation of Erikson’s Psychosocial theory of development

Answer 14

Age norms were overly optimistic, complete identity by 20 years.

Question 15

Formal operation stage assumed to be reached by all – this does not happen
- Keating (1980): only 40–60% of college students consistently use formal logic! They have the ability doesn’t mean they use it.

2. Devoted too little attention to social & cultural** influences

Answer 15

Piaget - Cognitive development

Question 16

which model builds on Piaget’s stage model

Answer 16

Kohlberg - Moral development

Question 17

• Develop ability to solve ethical dilemmas & sense of morality
• Illustrate parallels between cog dev & complexity in moral and ethical thinking
• Six stage theory of moral development with an invariant sequence
  
  • -> Invariant: because they depend on the development of certain cognitive abilities
  • Each succeeding stage evolves from and replaces its predecessor

Answer 17

KohlBerg - Moral development

Question 18

….. describes –> Sensitive period for second language learning, instruments, etc.

Answer 18

Heightened neuroplasticity

Question 19

ability to multitask and parallel processing is due to

Answer 19

Enhanced cognitive ability

Question 20

Area of control moved to …….. (emotional, “gut” reactions)

Answer 20

amygdala

Question 21

……. (norms of what friends are doing) & lead to risk-taking behaviour

Answer 21

Group conformity

Question 22

Term that describes the (amount of help available - government spending on NHS has impact)

Answer 22

Austerity

It is a risk factor for the increased mental health problems, attention disorders and conduct issues.

Question 23

• Physical changes of puberty
• Transition to sexual maturity
• Legal age of cognitive maturity (Rite of passage)
• Accepting responsibility for decision making at the age of 18

Answer 23

adolescence

Question 24

What does adolescence involves?

Answer 24

Major physical, Cognitive & Social development

Question 25

What are the major tasks of adolescence?

Answer 25

⇒ adjust to - changing **body size** & **shape** - **new ways** of **thinking** - changes in **identity** - coming to terms with **sexuality**

Question 26

What is the overall historical change in the pattern of when Adolescence start & end

Answer 26

- Starts earlier | - finishes later

Question 27

Why does Adolescence start earlier & finishes later than in the past?

Answer 27

1. Rising obesity & better nutrition 2. Brain development into early 20's due to deferred Adult roles e.g. Marriages deferred improved: - standard of living - Health & nutrition - body mass (BMI) - girls ~ 17% body fat

Question 28

Physical change during adolescence:

Answer 28

Is the onset of **puberty** | Subsequent **development** of **sexual maturity**.

Question 29

The beginning of adolescence occurs around the .... It is marked by dramatic changes in ......

Answer 29

onset of puberty hormone levels

Question 30

...... of the body is when Sex organs begin to secrete hormones (testosterone and oestradiol) at ~11-14 yrs

Answer 30

Sexual maturation

Question 31

maturation of secondary sexual characteristics involves

Answer 31

1. Rapid increase in height (up to 4in/10cm per year) 2. Weight gain = Mainly muscles for boys, fat for girls 3. Hair growth - Pubic & underarm - Facial 4. Voice changes for boys 5. Breasts grow & hips widen for girls - Increased production of - oil, - sweat glands, - acne 6. Changes in bio rhythms - frequently **sleep longer** - 9.5 hrs ⇒ Sex organs begin to **secrete hormones** (**testosterone** & **oestradiol**) at 11-14 yrs

Question 32

-ve effects associated with physical development include Eating disorders. List some examples of eating disorders

Answer 32

~ 1% of girls (12-18) anorexic ~ 1-3% of girls bulimic 60% are actively trying to lose weight

Question 33

``` ⇒ biological process ⇒ beginning with • activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis ⇒ ending with the • attainment of reproductive competence ```

Answer 33

Gonadarche

Question 34

⇒ activation of the hypothalamic- pituitary- adrenal axis, | ⇒ often begins earlier than gonadarche.

Answer 34

Adrenarche

Question 35

Gonadarche activates ......

Answer 35

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

Question 36

Adrenarche activates .........

Answer 36

hypothalamic- pituitary- adrenal axis

Question 37

Adrenarche or Gonadarche occurs first?

Answer 37

Adrenarche

Question 38

Activation of the ................ ⇒ resulting in a linear growth spurt at around age 12 in girls, age 14 in boys. As well as changes in body size and composition

Answer 38

growth axis

Question 39

elimination of excess synapses/ grey matter

Answer 39

Synaptic Pruning * Natural process occurs in adolescence * Brain eliminates extra synapses * Frequently used connections ⇒ strengthened * Infrequently used connections ⇒ eliminated * Believed that this results in greater efficiency in the transmission of information in the brain

Question 40

..... ⇒ mainly involved in transmitting information • from body to cerebral cortex • is packed full of myelin-covered axons. Actions controlled include: Regulation of o body temperature, o heart rate & o blood pressure, Expression of o emotions, Release of o hormones Regulation of o food & water intake.

Answer 40

White matter

Question 41

...... is responsible for * muscle control, * sensory perception, * memory, * emotions & * speech.

Answer 41

Grey matter

Question 42

Following puberty .... increases and ..... matter decreases

Answer 42

white matter increases , grey matter decreases (synaptic pruning) grey matter starts to **decrease** is replaced by white matter

Question 43

Connections become more specialised & efficient

Answer 43

Reorganisation • Not all areas of the brain change at the same time, o Areas that deal with motor skills mature earlier than areas involved in more complex functions such as attention & memory o Motor skills Parts of brain controlling: physical movement, vision & senses mature first • Areas involving memory & attention mature later

Question 44

By adulthood developed ability to:

Answer 44

* focus on task for longer * make choices * restrain self from harmful activities * prospective memory

Question 45

what develops first limbic region or prefrontal cortex in adolescence ?

Answer 45

Limbic system ⇒ develops earlier than Prefrontal cortex